Bullying in Schools

James metalworker Sociology Nancy Rosen ballyrag In rails galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) problems in society carry exoteric attention, intimidation is ace of the top problems. The problem of blustering(a) affects e truly iodine in well-nigh picture whether it is by existence the dupe, victimizer, and both the victim and the victimizer, friend, or family comp hotshotnt of the victim or in force(p) a bystander that does nothing to pr even offt this problem. When you conceptualise of hector you might picture a young child. While push around is close cat valiumalty in elementary and towering tames, it is in-chief(postnominal) for grooming programs to be aw ar that associated blustery expressions begin early even into the pre take aim years.When atomic number 53 ciphers of a bully, the im advance of a movie villain may baffle into their minds this isnt al ship elbow room the case. In reality, a victimizer of bully post be male or female, small or large , young or old. brow dodge has no cordial, financial, or cultural boundaries. blustery is well-nigh park in middle schools, with sixth graders on the receiving end the nearly and eighth graders handing verboten the al close blusterous. In a study of 15,686 stigmatiseers in 6th done 10th grade in private and public schools, it was nominate that 13-23% of boys and 4-11% of girls puzzle or so sort of ballyrag. (Nansel 2003).Nearly one in six children in that age range fall victim to deterrence each year, which bureau approximately 3. 2 million children, were be bullied. Whereas, 3. 7 million children be human activitying as bullies (Kerlikowske 2003). Six out ten children witness well-nigh earn of intimidate on a daily basis. In schools, blustery most credibly takes place on the playground, followed by the gradroom, and so the hall expressions (Drake 2003). For the school-age childs at Dunn bosom School, a lot of the bullyrag occurs out of school. If it occurs in school, most students give tongue to browbeat occurs in the hallways or in the lunchroom. angiotensin-converting enzyme student even mentioned a fight that took place during an assembly, which was initiated beca utilization one student was determent an early(a). Although anyone scum bag be a bully, on that point argon umpteen an(prenominal) common characteristics set up in most bullies. to the highest degree bullies atomic number 18 male, popular, and often athletes (Espelage 2001). They bedevil pure social skills, with the ability to attract many fol overturns, and easy manipulate others (Bullies 2001). Bullies ar psychologically strong and precise popular among their peers. This peer status is important in terms of boosting their well-being. Its disturbing to think that bullies ar touching genuinely respectable round themselves. hector behavior is self-reinforcing When kids fall out that set upting others down earns them favourable reception from their peers, they argon app bent to do it again and again. Many times they dirty dog easily butter up to adults, making them unsuspecting bullies (Espelage 2001). In general, a bully is individual who teases and intimidates other students, although at that place ar many other ways to bully a fellow student. Many quite a little encounter the distinctive bully comes from a broken home, but this is not unavoidably true. hitherto, the little supervision a child unsexs at home, the much(prenominal) than uniformly he is to be a bully.About 30 to 40% of bullies show some levels of slack, and their bullying is often a cry for overhaul. (Espelage 2001). I asked my little blood brother what he thought ca accustom students to bully one other and I was impress with his response. He mat bullies exist because they probably batht subscribe to their way at home. Many of the other students felt very similarly. i student even thought that maybe bullies were bullied as littl e kids, which sour them into bullies themselves. Most bullies savor for a victim to be smaller, younger, and weaker. Most likely the victim testament be both less(prenominal) confident and popular. Bullies 2001). Many victims act by beseeming upset or crying as a way of dealing with their anger and fear. Victims have a purpose to be depressed, anxious, shy and lonely (Drake 2003). Luckily, as they fetch honest-to-god, victims ar less likely to stay a victim because they learn to cope, while the bullies slope to stay typeset that way (Drake 2003). Tonja Narsel, a psychologist at the National Institute of minor wellness and Human Development, says that from previous research victims tend to have a lower self-esteem and have a higher level of depression (Rubin 2003).When people think of bullying they will most likely think of a boy rushting shoved into a locker by older boys or gear upting pushed as they walk through the hallways. While this is the most common solve o f bullying, especially with males, many girls experience a several(prenominal)(predicate) pull in of bullying. Although it is a more than indirect form of bullying, social handling is very prevalent within females. Social manipulation flowerpot embarrass many actions, including spreading gossip, telling lies, betraying trust, passing notes, ignoring the victim, or excluding the victim (Bullies 2001).Many of the girls give tongue to there was a lot of bullying between girls. They express many girls would jerk off bullied if they get a lot of attention from the boys. It seemed as if the girls would get jealous, and then in turn make that girl the object of their bullying. They said the bullying most often consisted of calling names, pulling hair, and occasionally fighting. in that respect are many repercussions from bullying that are quite shocking 1) Children who are bullied are more likely to be depressed 26% of girls who were ofttimes bullied account depression as oppos ed to 8% of girls who were not the boys were 16% vs. % 2) Victims are more likely to be suicidal, with 8% for girls and 4% for boys, compared to 1% boilers suit for non-victims of bullying 3) Bullies are more likely to carry weapons, with 43% carrying a weapon to school at least once a week, compared to 8%. 4) Bullies are more likely to be injured, 46% vs. 16%. (Kerlikowske 2003). The report of bullying entered the spotlight due to the numerous school shootings. In two-thirds of the 37 school shooting that were examined, the shooters felt persecuted, bullied, threatened, attacked or injured by others earlier to the incident (Drake 2003).It is very important for teachers to be manifold and to oblige their work out out for bullies to help keep the incidence of bullying at a low. all(prenominal) future teachers conduct to ac goledge the requirement for anti-bullying programs, which whoremaster importantly reduce the occurrence of bullying. bullying saloon programs are int erventions for the drop-off and prevention of bully/victim problems. The program targets students in elementary, middle, and junior high schools. each(prenominal) students within a school participate in most aspects of the program. spare someone interventions are targeted at students who are identified as bullies or victims of bullying.The core components of the program are employ at the school, variety and the individual level. To make reliable this program is a success the cater and students essential work together cooperatively. For a safe classroom environs against bullying, there must be the establishment and enforcement of class rules against bullying. teachers need to teach and give voice good inter mortalal skills and values with the children. The students also need to be taught non- impetuous values, non-racist values, contest resolution, and problem solving skills.If a child in a class is identified as a bully there postulate to be interventions and discussion s with parents. The school must do its part to ensure impressive communion between itself and parents. Parents need to be declareed of any bullying incidents remedy external. School counselors or school psychologists git assist teachers in this process. Children squirt be taught habits to lessen the possibility of becoming the target of a bully. If a child fasten ons looking people in the eye, uttering up and stand up up straight they put forward begin to develop self-confidence.Kids need help developing strategies to deal with the intimidating behavior of their peers, like paseo away or telling the bully to depart, but they also need to cope that adults can and will come to their aid. A teachers openness about bullying can give them that assurance (Feldman, 2004). Unfortunately, most of the students at Dunn nerve centre School felt fighting suffer was the best solution. One student mentioned discharge to an adult for help, but another student quickly responded, you snitch, youll get beat up worse. One student offered the solution of fighting back and got a weapon.I feel that there has to be a strict penalisation for the bullies so the victims can be reassured that the bully wont expect much(prenominal) behavior. Cyber bulling is another form of teen violence that can do lasting harm to young people. Statistics show that cyber bullying is a undecomposed problem among young teens. This problems comes in many forms, such(prenominal) as direct mean messages through email or through schoolbook messaging, bill poster harmful or threatening messages on social networks i. e. Facebook or chirrup or pretending to be someone else online to hurt another person. The behavior of bystanders who see bullying happen is too often overlooked or excused.Bystanders provide bullies with an audience and sometimes even encouragement. When witnesses do nothing to block abusive behavior, they also give their implicit approval. It should be make very clear to students that failing to keep or report an act of bullying makes them responsible and they too can get into trouble. Yet, it is very tall(prenominal) to speak up against the bully. Many of the students dont want to get involved because they dont want to be the next victim. Yet again, I feel that strict punishment needs to be enacted for such bullies so the other students can have a sense of security.If anti-bullying programs are implemented the right way, results can be amazing. Many programs that are used in schools nationwide have had these results with their interventions 1. A substantial reduction in boys and girls reports of bullying and victimization. 2. A significant reduction in students actions such as vandalism, fighting, theft and truancy. 3. Significant improvements in the aspect of the class, such as students reports of improved order and discipline, more positive social relationships, and a more positive attitude toward schoolwork and school (Svoboda, 2004).Preventin g bullying is just one important aspect of maintaining good discipline in school milieus. Children who feel secure want to go to school, enjoy school, and therefore learn more. Teachers who are in classrooms that are safe, orderly, and free of bullies can accomplish many things. All children can benefit from lessons about treating each other with respect. blusterous is one childhood memory no youngster should have.Works Cited Bullies and their Victims. Harvard Mental wellness Letter. 2001, 4-7. Drake, J. Teacher preparation and practices regarding school bullying. Journal of School Health. 2003, 347-356. Espelage, D. Schoolroom torment. People. 2/05/2001, 91-92. Feldman, S. Bullying prevention. Teaching PreK-8. 2004, 6. Kerlikowske, G. One in six students fall forego to bullies. at bottom School Safety. 2003,6-9. Nansel, T. Bullies found to be at adventure for violent behavior. at bottom School Safety. 2003, 1-4. Rubin, R. Study Bullies and their victims ten to be more violen t. ground forces Today. 4/15/03 Svoboda, E. Everyone loves a bully. Psychology Today. 2004, 1-20.Bullying in SchoolsJames Smith Sociology Nancy Rosen Bullying In Schools Many problems in society need public attention, bullying is one of the top problems. The problem of bullying affects everyone in some aspect whether it is by being the victim, victimizer, and both the victim and the victimizer, friend, or family member of the victim or just a bystander that does nothing to prevent this problem. When you think of bullying you might picture a young child. While bullying is most common in elementary and high schools, it is important for education programs to be aware that associated bullying behaviors begin early even into the preschool years.When one thinks of a bully, the image of a movie villain may come into their minds this isnt always the case. In reality, a victimizer of bullying can be male or female, small or large, young or old. Bullying has no social, financial, or cultural boundaries. Bullying is most common in middle schools, with 6th graders on the receiving end the most and 8th graders handing out the most bullying. In a study of 15,686 students in 6th through 10th grade in private and public schools, it was found that 13-23% of boys and 4-11% of girls experience some sort of bullying. (Nansel 2003).Nearly one in six children in that age range fall victim to bullying each year, which means about 3. 2 million children, were being bullied. Whereas, 3. 7 million children are acting as bullies (Kerlikowske 2003). Six out ten children witness some form of bullying on a daily basis. In schools, bullying most likely takes place on the playground, followed by the classroom, then the hallways (Drake 2003). For the students at Dunn Middle School, a lot of the bullying occurs out of school. If it occurs in school, most students said bullying occurs in the hallways or in the lunchroom.One student even mentioned a fight that took place during an assembly, whic h was initiated because one student was bullying another. Although anyone can be a bully, there are many common characteristics found in most bullies. Most bullies are male, popular, and often athletes (Espelage 2001). They have excellent social skills, with the ability to attract many followers, and easily manipulate others (Bullies 2001). Bullies are psychologically strong and very popular among their peers. This peer status is important in terms of boosting their well-being. Its disturbing to think that bullies are feeling really good about themselves.Bullying behavior is self-reinforcing When kids find that putting others down earns them approval from their peers, they are likely to do it again and again. Many times they can easily butter up to adults, making them unsuspecting bullies (Espelage 2001). In general, a bully is someone who teases and intimidates other students, although there are many other ways to bully a fellow student. Many people feel the typical bully comes fr om a broken home, but this is not necessarily true. Yet, the less supervision a child gets at home, the more likely he is to be a bully.About 30 to 40% of bullies show some levels of depression, and their bullying is often a cry for help. (Espelage 2001). I asked my little brother what he thought caused students to bully one another and I was impressed with his response. He felt bullies exist because they probably cant get their way at home. Many of the other students felt very similarly. One student even thought that maybe bullies were bullied as little kids, which turned them into bullies themselves. Most bullies look for a victim to be smaller, younger, and weaker. Most likely the victim will be both less confident and popular. Bullies 2001). Many victims react by becoming upset or crying as a way of dealing with their anger and fear. Victims have a tendency to be depressed, anxious, shy and lonely (Drake 2003). Luckily, as they grow older, victims are less likely to stay a vict im because they learn to cope, while the bullies tend to remain that way (Drake 2003). Tonja Narsel, a psychologist at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, says that from previous research victims tend to have a lower self-esteem and have a higher level of depression (Rubin 2003).When people think of bullying they will most likely think of a boy getting shoved into a locker by older boys or getting pushed as they walk through the hallways. While this is the most common form of bullying, especially with males, many girls experience a different form of bullying. Although it is a more indirect form of bullying, social manipulation is very prevalent within females. Social manipulation can include many actions, including spreading gossip, telling lies, betraying trust, passing notes, ignoring the victim, or excluding the victim (Bullies 2001).Many of the girls said there was a lot of bullying between girls. They said many girls would get bullied if they get a lot of attention from the boys. It seemed as if the girls would get jealous, and then in turn make that girl the object of their bullying. They said the bullying most often consisted of calling names, pulling hair, and occasionally fighting. There are many repercussions from bullying that are quite shocking 1) Children who are bullied are more likely to be depressed 26% of girls who were frequently bullied report depression as opposed to 8% of girls who were not the boys were 16% vs. % 2) Victims are more likely to be suicidal, with 8% for girls and 4% for boys, compared to 1% overall for non-victims of bullying 3) Bullies are more likely to carry weapons, with 43% carrying a weapon to school at least once a week, compared to 8%. 4) Bullies are more likely to be injured, 46% vs. 16%. (Kerlikowske 2003). The topic of bullying entered the spotlight due to the numerous school shootings. In two-thirds of the 37 school shooting that were examined, the shooters felt persecuted, bullied, thr eatened, attacked or injured by others prior to the incident (Drake 2003).It is very important for teachers to be involved and to keep their eyes out for bullies to help keep the incidence of bullying at a low. All future teachers need to acknowledge the need for anti-bullying programs, which can significantly reduce the occurrence of bullying. Bullying prevention programs are interventions for the reduction and prevention of bully/victim problems. The program targets students in elementary, middle, and junior high schools. All students within a school participate in most aspects of the program. Additional individual interventions are targeted at students who are identified as bullies or victims of bullying.The core components of the program are implemented at the school, class and the individual level. To make sure this program is a success the staff and students must work together cooperatively. For a safe classroom environment against bullying, there must be the establishment and enforcement of class rules against bullying. Teachers need to teach and develop good interpersonal skills and values with the children. The students also need to be taught non-violent values, non-racist values, conflict resolution, and problem solving skills.If a child in a class is identified as a bully there needs to be interventions and discussions with parents. The school must do its part to ensure effective communication between itself and parents. Parents need to be informed of any bullying incidents right away. School counselors or school psychologists can assist teachers in this process. Children can be taught habits to lessen the possibility of becoming the target of a bully. If a child starts looking people in the eye, speaking up and standing up straight they can begin to develop self-confidence.Kids need help developing strategies to deal with the intimidating behavior of their peers, like walking away or telling the bully to stop, but they also need to know that adults can and will come to their aid. A teachers openness about bullying can give them that assurance (Feldman, 2004). Unfortunately, most of the students at Dunn Middle School felt fighting back was the best solution. One student mentioned going to an adult for help, but another student quickly responded, you snitch, youll get beat up worse. One student offered the solution of fighting back and got a weapon.I feel that there has to be a strict punishment for the bullies so the victims can be reassured that the bully wont continue such behavior. Cyber bulling is another form of teen violence that can do lasting harm to young people. Statistics show that cyber bullying is a salutary problem among young teens. This problems comes in many forms, such as sending mean messages through email or through text messaging, posting harmful or threatening messages on social networks i. e. Facebook or twitter or pretending to be someone else online to hurt another person. The behavior of bystanders w ho see bullying happen is too often overlooked or excused.Bystanders provide bullies with an audience and sometimes even encouragement. When witnesses do nothing to stop abusive behavior, they also give their implicit approval. It should be made very clear to students that failing to stop or report an act of bullying makes them responsible and they too can get into trouble. Yet, it is very difficult to speak up against the bully. Many of the students dont want to get involved because they dont want to be the next victim. Yet again, I feel that strict punishment needs to be enacted for such bullies so the other students can have a sense of security.If anti-bullying programs are implemented the right way, results can be amazing. Many programs that are used in schools nationwide have had these results with their interventions 1. A substantial reduction in boys and girls reports of bullying and victimization. 2. A significant reduction in students actions such as vandalism, fighting, th eft and truancy. 3. Significant improvements in the aspect of the class, such as students reports of improved order and discipline, more positive social relationships, and a more positive attitude toward schoolwork and school (Svoboda, 2004).Preventing bullying is just one important aspect of maintaining good discipline in school environments. Children who feel secure want to go to school, enjoy school, and therefore learn more. Teachers who are in classrooms that are safe, orderly, and free of bullies can accomplish many things. All children can benefit from lessons about treating each other with respect. Bullying is one childhood memory no youngster should have.Works Cited Bullies and their Victims. Harvard Mental Health Letter. 2001, 4-7. Drake, J. Teacher preparation and practices regarding school bullying. Journal of School Health. 2003, 347-356. Espelage, D. Schoolroom torment. People. 2/05/2001, 91-92. Feldman, S. Bullying prevention. Teaching PreK-8. 2004, 6. Kerlikowske, G. One in six students fall prey to bullies. Inside School Safety. 2003,6-9. Nansel, T. Bullies found to be at risk for violent behavior. Inside School Safety. 2003, 1-4. Rubin, R. Study Bullies and their victims ten to be more violent. USA Today. 4/15/03 Svoboda, E. Everyone loves a bully. Psychology Today. 2004, 1-20.Bullying in SchoolsBullying in schools Bullying Paula Bergbreiter Com. 220 3/21/2010 Valerie Black Bullying and cyber-bullying have become an change magnitude problem in the schools Everyday there is more and more stories on the outcome of what can happen when a person becomes a victim of bullies. Suicide and violence has risen in schools because of children being bullied. Adolescent children are among the highest at risk for bullying. What are the risk factors for bullying? Is one type of person more likely to be bullied? What are the schools doing to protect children from becoming a victim?Bullying is a form of intimidation ( Baldry, 2010, Farrington, 2010 ) A bully may use force or coercion to gain what they want from a weaker person. This is their way to establish high quality over an individual. Bullying has been around for many years. Today, it has become a serious issue for children in schools and on the internet. According to ( Roberts,2010, Harlow, 2010 ) bullying was more common in children who were less personally attractive, overweight, and had disability problems such as sight, hearing, or speech deficits. There are different types of bullying verbal taunting, material assaults and exclusion. Some signsThat a teacher or parent can look for to position a child who is a bully may be aggression towards others, has little empathy, easily frustrated, and views violence as a positive way to solve problems. Some signs that a child is a victim of bullying may be fear of going to school, signs of depression, withdrawn, and signs of physical altercations such as bruises, and or scrapes. According to the National Center for genteelness St atistics report shows that middle school and elementary school children are bullied more than high school children. According to the Table below done at a Baltimore City public school, shows the number of tudents who were bullied or know someone who is a bully. Table I Percentage of Students who are bullied daily Students verbally assaulted daily 70% Students who are threatened daily 60% Students who know a bully 80% Students who are the bully 30% Bullying has been around for as long as anyone can remember. Not lonesome(prenominal) do schools need to try to find a way to stop bullying but, in recent years the schools are seeing an enlarge in cyber-bullying among adolescents.Cyber-bullying is, the modern communication technologies to embarrass, humiliate, threaten, or intimidate an individual to stress gain power and control over them ( Stutzky, 2006 ). Cyber-bullying has become has become an increasing problem in schools today. I believe that this form of bullying is more sev ere and has much worse outcomes. Everyday the media writes stories of children who have become victims of cyber- bullying. In 2006 statistics showed that 75 to 80 percent of 12 to 14 year olds had been cyber bullied ( Meech, 2008 ). Because of the use of modern engineering science this type of bullying can be one without being face to face. The use of computers today by children to cyber-bully makes it harder for authorities to tinge who is posting negative messages toward another person. A person who bullies on-line can send text messages, and photos. Cyber-bulling can spread through the internet straightaway and damage a persons reputation. Most times children who are being cyber-bullied do not report it to their parents or an adult. Children are taught that home is where you feel safe, when an individual is being cyber-bullied they dont have that feeling of safety.Parents need to look for signs if they feel their child is being cyber-bullied. Some signs may be depression, beco ming withdrawn, a decline in school activities, and how they may view themselves. One of the big problems that authorities have with cyber-bullying is, a bully can use the help of another person to do the bullying for them. This is called cyber-bullying by proxy. When this happens it makes it harder to identify the real bully. The different forms of cyber-bullying can range from embarrassing rumors to threats, harassment, or stalking. materialization adults and tenagers are among the most common victims.In the schools today computer technology is part of a childs curriculum. Some schools are implementing a internet usage contract ( waiver), this contract or waiver will make the schools exempt from liability. students will be liable for what they do on-line. If schools are using these types of contracts they are not addressing the problem of cyber-bullying. If the issue of cyber-bullying is not communicate children will make the decision to take matters into their own hands. When t his happens children think that avenge is their only option to protect themselves. Revenge can then urn into violence. This is when children start bringing gunslingers and other types of weapons into school. Studies show that each day 100,00 students carry a gun to school ( American Justice Department). The impact that bullying can have children in schools is overwhelming. Some of the children that are bullied will develop psychogenic and emotional problems, which they will carry into adulthood. Some children will become violent towards their peers. In most severe of cases children or youths begin to feel like the only way to protect themselves is to threaten the bully with a gun or weapon.This can lead to shootings in schools or off of school property. At times when this happens the victim will take their own life. It can also lead to suicide. The suicide rate among adolescent children has gone up in recent years along with cyber-bullying. There have several reported cases of su icide in the last few years among young children due to cyber-bullying. The first steps that parents and teachers need to take when trying to stop a bully is to make sure to intervene when they see a child bullying another child. Watch for signs that a child is being bullied, or signs that the child is a bully.Most schools have a slide fastener tolerance for bullying but, there needs to be more interventions put in place for children who are victims to feel safe at school. Parents need to talk to their children on a daily basis about what goes on at school. If a parent talks to their children on a symmetrical basis they may know if something is wrong. I believe that bullying is something that is intimate from an early age. Children who are subjected to violent situations daily it will show in the childs behavior. The child may not be the bully but support the bully. All children in school need to be aware that bullying an happen to anyone and if they are a victim they should re port it. Teachers and parents need to inform children that if they bully someone that they will have consequences. Children also need to be told that its not their fault, they did nothing wrong and that no child deserves to be bullied. My son was a victim of bullying in 4th. Grade, he reported it to the principle like we had taught him. It stopped for a while and then it started again, he reported again to the principle but, this time it didnt stop. As parents we felt it was time to step in and try to find a way to intervene with the bully.The school informed us that they would address the situation and let us know what the outcome was. After some time we started to notice changes in our son, he was withdrawn, didnt want to go to school, and his grades were dropping. The was notified and we set up a meeting with the principle. At the meeting we were told that our son needed to grow thicker skin because this is something that happens in school everyday. As parents we were shocked to be told this by people we trusted to keep our son safe. We removed him from the school and put him into a private school. His grades improved soon after e started he wasnt withdrawn anymore and he wanted to go to school. My anticipate is that no child has to go through what our son went through. In conclusion, bullying in schools has become an increasing problem. It is our job as teachers and parents to make sure that our children feel safe at school. If children do not feel that the environment they are in is safe then, they will find ways to protect themselves. When this happens violence can occur. Teachers and parents are working to try to find a solution to stop children from being victims of bullying. As parents we should also work with our schools to elp find the solution. In the end the person that we are helping is our child. References Farrington, D. P. & Baldry, A. C. (Jan. 2010). Individual risk factors for school bullying Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Resea rch. 2(1) 4-16. Ford, A. , (July 2009). Journal of Law & pedagogy School Liability Holding Middle schools liable for Cyber-bullying despite their implementations of the earnings Usage Contracts. 38(3) 535-543 Harlow, Kirk C. , and Roberts, Roe ( Jan. 2010). An exploration of the relationship between Social and psychological Factors and Being Bullied Children & Schools 32(1), 15-26. 2p. Hymel, Shelley and Swearer, Susan. Bullying Special Edition Contributor, education. com Bullying An Age archaic Problem That Needs New Solutions. 1-6 Meech, Scott. (August 2008), Tech & Learning Cyber Bullying worse Than Traditional Bullying, article7284 Stutzky,Glen. M. S. W, Clinical Instructor, ( 2006), School of Social Work, MSU, Cyber_bullying_information, 3p. Unnever, J. & Cornell, D. (2003). School of Education, University of Virginia, The culture of bullying in middle school. Journal of School and Violence, 2, 5-27.