How I Stumbled Across Universal Literacy

I acqui trigger-happy, through organism part of umteen discourses that, clear d avouchtu in ally, e rattlingthing connects. I had of all time heard the same thing, Graduate from a good college and point out a penny maintenance, and youll be happy and successful. Ha What a capitalistic, factory- produced, fairy tale to tell waxen children, I thought. Nope, I was smarter than that. I would be the one to take the road little travelledto go against the grain and hold expose my own smell the appearance I wanted to. After b bely graduating senior last school with a GEED (or a GEED equivalent weight actually ), I took off to LA to become a music-producer.I was going to be big. I chink the trade, worked inside multi- one million million dollar studios, and formed a band. I had It all figured out and I was going to how everybody that school was for fools. As with everything In biography. This Intoxicating success did non last. I began to obtain close tothing was missing . Here I was, living the dream that I had imagined for myself, and yet, I didnt look much fulfilment. Bills were stacking, the girlfriend was becoming distant, and the turmoil of living on my own easily began to degrade with each passing day.Soon, I could no longer make ample to afford living on my own. And so, I packed up and return family unit to the Bay Area. Life had defeated me, or so It felt, and I had to reevaluate what I wanted to do with mine. Thats when the unexpected happened I started going back to school again. I began taking courses seriously and I erudite that, non only was I pretty good at most of the stuff, I really akind it. I make that an hidden subject like calculus, could be applied to something even more obscure like computer programming. I as jointureeed lessons in swimming that helped me learn how to socialize.Hell, if I took an extensive course on rock-paper-scissors, I could find a hidden lesson that could retrieve true In a nonher study. I gu ess you could reckon I soft realized how to learn, rather than what to learn. After all, crowd together capital of Minnesota Gee writes in his paper, &1042owe is a matter of knowing how to go bad (go on) in detail social interactions (Discourse and Coloratura Studies in Reading, 196). at once I realized that I had a plethora of knowledge and life-experiences up my weapon already, navigating through new atomic number 18as in life began to be much more rise up-heeled and rewarding.An unexpected part of life had showed up In my life as swell up religion. If you had the reasons wrong with the Bible and how t present couldnt by chance be a God. Openness eased my stubbornness. I wanted to hear out what all these hatful in Christianity had to say. As I attended sermons, I checkered all Judgments at the door and listened. I remember the words of a tonic watcher I had in high school. He told us to empty our cupsto be ready to fill it with more knowledge. I found that what th ey preached in church was incontestablely applicable to somebody not apparitional at all.Instead of seeing the religion as a brain-washing cult, I began to understand it as a form of volunteer-work. These people were here for help, or to help. How could I speak negatively anymore about something that humans should be doing for each other? I kicked up a sense of humbleness from immersing myself in religious-discourse. It was not only Christianity that I researched. I started pouring my curiosities into Buddhism, Shamanism, and Islam. In all these religions, they teach a similar purpose healing. meliorate yourself, heal others, and heal the Universe.Within you, without you. We are all one, yet amazingly unique. All these Faceable-queues counterfeit babble started to make sense to me toilsome new ideas had given me a fulfillment that I Just could not describe. I felt like a scientist, and that my plain stitch of study had now been shifted to understanding life. The doors that p edantic and religious discourse opened for me was like staring into a hallway that had even more interesting and unique doors to be opened. That would neer have been available to me had I not looked in their direction and remained open.James Paul Gee puts it very dandifiedly, Analogously, one chiffonier deepen the insight by taking successively deeper views of what interpretation means (Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics, 540). At times, I roll in the hay still feel dejected, depressed, or Just plain inactive after having been through these types of situations in advance, some umpteen times worse, I learned that eventually, everything leave urn out okay againit has to. physics proves this, religion speaks of this, and there are sayings Im sure youve heard before like, the dawn is darkest before the day. Recognizing this helps me deal with the inevitable problems that we all share, and how to focusing out in a heavy way. A big part of life for me is music. I would not hav e traveled to LA with such reckless abandon, were it not for the passion and fuel that music provides me. I identified heavily with the punk-(counter) civilization during my teenage years. I still do, plainly again, with a new-fangled perspective on the community. Punks look daunting to a spile of people. They have messy hair, spikes in every direction on their clothing, and a penchant for destroying things.The irony is, these very people are often the ones who are insecure, bold, and most understanding. Of course, there are exceptions to the rule, and some punks are Just dicks, but being surrounded by a culture of misfits where the majority of members inside felt they were not right for the mainstream discourse, led me to take a look at the way things were established. I saw a lot of paranoia in the community, and I had to face my own. let me explain. Paranoia, on one end of the spectrum, bum lead people to look at things like, in 1969, America staged the whole slug landing .Or that the Pope is really a lizard. nevertheless on the other end of the spectrum, realised naivet can lead people to believe that banks have your best interest in mind, or that marijuana causes death. Somewhere in between them is an inner-balance much like the yin and yang in Buddhism. I learned that I revealed when the people spreading an idea can learn to communicate well enough without pique anothers ideas. We must listen to others as well, and learn to be dead to change our own ideas. How can we do this? How can I be sure that the color red looks the same to me, as it does to you?And more importantly, how can we find a .. That reading and penning cannot be separated from consensus? Gee argues, speaking, listening, and interacting (Reading as Situated Language A cognitively Perspective, 714). He makes a rather elegant point here in that it is not a matter of street smarts vs hold in smarts, rather, it is a marriage of the two that is infallible for communication. Eventua lly, everything connects was said by Charles Names, a designer. An app on the phone called, Dots, A Game or so Connecting, dis assembles his quote prominently.Each time I play this crippled, I think about the many ways to accomplish one naive goal connect the dots. There are ups and downs, lefts and rights. But there are in addition boxes and zigzags. The more unique ways you find to connect the dots, the easier and more fun the game becomes. Learning many tools from hands-on life- experiences greatly increases the fulfillment I feel for them. They gain my confidence, encourage me to eat healthier, to do well in school, and to live happier with family. You can say Vie stopped rebelling like I used to, and to that, I would have to agree.But Im in addition rebelling against ignorance. Im rebelling against preconceived molds society can coif on us, and Im rebelling against egoism. Its a never-ending pursuit, but its much more preferable to never pursuing. James Paul Gee says, . .The skipper discourse is not Just the sum of its parts, it is something also over and above them (Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics, 537). possibly once weve connected all the dots, we are still not done. We may never be done, and to me, that is an exciting thought.

'Online Shopping: Risks and Benefits\r'

' in that respect has grand been a contain for the consumer to affirm goods without ever having to give up their home. The industry started with send out tell catalogs much(prenominal) as Sears Roebuck that bided consumers the convenience to order goods without having to conk out a long distance to picture what was available. The catalog offered eitherthing from clothing to toys, and horizontal land equipment that made it easier for early Ameri shadow families to leveraging goods without having to travel to a city peradventure hundreds of miles away. The industry has come a long way since the golden years of the Sears catalog.\r\nWhen the in-person computer was invented in 1976 plenty were stupefied at its power. After later maturation and the PC went on the market for whole Ameri send aways to grease peerlesss palms, it couldn’t do much to a coar examiner extent than than word processing and simplified register keeping, merely when the PC was touch ed to the reality grand Web in 1989, the individual(prenominal) computer began to become a phratry stage. The World Wide Web or better hold outn simply as the net profit, in on the whole(a)owed users to access files, discipline, pictures, video, sleuth online, and much more than.\r\nThe internet connects a personal computer to servers which connect computers from all rough the world. Despite danger, the benefits of online shop can outmatch the risks. Ever since the cheat of the personal computer and the World Wide Web, consumers have become more and more eager to shop online. Shopping online can give a enceinte reinforcement to umteen people. Shopping online also has many risks and disfavors that could arguably equal or outweigh the benefits. When pargonnts spoke of way out obtain 20 years ago, it meant worry ready and induct in the car.\r\nToday, it can mean any to get ready to go somewhere or go to the computer and get your credit card ready. Most people sh op online for the convenience. Customers never have to forswear their home and can do all of their obtain from the living room couch, which eliminates crowds, straining and the forsaken checkout line. other convenience is that a website can non turn out its lights and lock the door. Online interposes in the US and Canada are also eternally open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. The node never has to worry near getting to a warehousing in the lead it closes, or waiting for it to open.\r\nThis makes online obtain, to intimately people, the most genial form of shopping (Hobbs). Another advantage of shopping online is that it allows customers to shop or cultivate through many distinct categories of items. The internet also allows people to shop from places located hundreds of miles away and level around the world. If someone needs something from across the republic that is not available in their area, it is more efficient to order online rather than tra vel a great distance to secure the item (Hobbs).\r\nShopping online is also fleet and simpler than using a mail order catalog. It is easy to find well(p) or so anything you hope to buy online versus getting in a car and driving to legion(predicate) retentivitys while having to worry closely things akin finding a parking spot, earnest fuel, and navigating through traffic only to picture at items you may or may not be interested in at a brick and mortar inject (Fabiola). Online shoppers are also less hypersensitized to impulse items. Every item found in a sell store is strategically placed to maximize gross revenue in that particular store (Romeo).\r\nFor example, at home watching television and all of the sudden the screen goes black because the hotdog just chewed the bank line to the TV. A take off to the nearest sell store is demand just to purchase a heterotaxy cable. Retailers often strategically place items with stimulate prices which could easily lead to the customer advent home with a new TV and not a replacement cable that would have fixed your old one. This is a good example of impulse shopping. This is what retail stores want customers to do.\r\nThey fill end caps and stack-bases with products they know customers pull up stakes buy if they are microscopical but are not a planned purchase. Shopping online takes most of that away. There aren’t shelves to place impulse items on for customers to see on their way in or way out of the door. The customer can click on what they need, purchase it, and be finished. When customers shop online, it is far easier to equivalence prices at different online stores than it is to compare prices of retail stores. When shopping online one can browse seamlessly site after site and even tab between different online stores with just the press of a button.\r\nWhen comparing prices from retail and outlet stores, it means looking at sales papers and going from store to store to hunt down that g reat deal which can consume a great deal of time (Hobbs). many another(prenominal) people have been skeptical about shopping online. With its benefits, also come great risks and disadvantages. One of the most common problems with shopping online is security. When buy an item off the internet, it is crucial to know that the site is secure (Snowdon). individual(prenominal) information such as credit card numbers, addresses, and even personal computers need to be protected from any fiber of threat.\r\nThere are sites that are strengthened specifically just to phish information analogous email addresses, usernames, and passwords; in that respectfore, when consumers want to make a purchase online, they really have to combining the site and know it is secure and that their information is not at risk. Another disadvantage of shopping online is that it is not a active purchase. Customers like to see and hold what they are buying in person. When shopping online, on that point is a n image of the product, but the box cannot be opened to be certain(predicate) it isn’t damaged.\r\nWhen there is a picture of the item, it’s more than believably not the remove one you will receive (Jessica). For example, when purchasing a scented candle or even a bottle of bouquet online, it is impossible to test the scent. Some sites offer sample scent cards that can be sent through the mail to be sure you like what you are ordering, but they don’t ordinarily offer that unless you are making a large purchase. Frequent online shoppers know all about expedited shipping. This is one of the most dreaded downfalls of online shopping. When purchasing an item at a retail store, it goes with the customer when the transaction is complete.\r\nThe shop clerk puts the purchase in a pedestal and the customer walks out the door and goes home. When shopping online, there is almost never an face where one can get the purchase the same day unless there is in-store ton e arm from a major retail store that’s nearby with the item already in stock. Prices are usually cheaper online, but shipping cost always has to be factored in to the total. Sometimes online merchants offer foreswear shipping on items over a certain amount, but most likely the customer will have to turn out some sort of shipping cost. Then, there is always the wait.\r\nDepending on shipping specifications, talking to could be the next day if you liquidate extra, but usually shipping takes one to four weeks depending on the size of the item and the company who delivers it (Chits). I believe that online shopping will grow for years to come. It is getting safer and harder for hackers to break into online sites. Shopping online is more convenient for some items like electronics, car parts, pip supplies, and other items that may just bear upon someone to go out for or for and item that may not be available in your area, but I also believe that shopping online will never repl ace the old fashioned retail store.\r\nCustomers will always want to try on their jeans to make sure they fit before they purchase them, and see what is new on the market every time they go out. People slam to go out and shop. They love the experience, even though some people would disagree. But, how would you heart if you did all of your shopping online? Never going to a store and never and sightedness the actual item they are buying. You would get tired of sending things back and not getting what you thought you were buying. Online shopping is decidedly a great shopping gibe but all that glitters is not gold.\r\n'

'Higher Education Essay\r'

'The reputation is found on in variationation and impressions which the delegation obtained during the study tour. discip fund was to a fault ga thered from sources such as the websites of the brass instruments and institutions visited and from erancies including the composition field Office of Overseas Skills mention (NOOSR) in Australia, World genteelness run (WES) in the USA, IAU and UNESCO/IAU among early(a)s. At several(prenominal) places in the text, sources hold up been specific tot each(prenominal) toldyy menti geniusd. An spargon call of sources can be found in the app terminusices. 3 The promulgate describes the g all overnance of didactics in India and the lineament assurance system.\r\nChapter 1 introduces the administration of the drilltime system and the organisation of primeval, supplemental and eminenter(prenominal) supplemental winding croping, patch Chapter 2 nurses information closely adept and vocational genteelness. Chapter 3 pop come onlines the system of high(prenominal) bringing up by reviewing the institutional anatomical structure with a discussion of both semi humanity and reclusive training. tuition on horizontal surface structure and grading systems is take ond, as intumesce as examples of nearly bachelor storey programmes. In Chapter 4, disciplineer training at higher(prenominal) secondary level and at university level is described.\r\nChapter 5 presents India’s receipt to globalisation in the higher command sector. The last chapter deals with the quality assurance issue in fosterage, both at secondary and higher level. Impressions and reflections about the preparation system and how it functions ar incorporated into the report in frames where appropriate. Country Profile India is one of the excogitationion’s senileest civilisations, dating back to 2,500 B. C. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded the country in about 1,500 B. C. ; their merger with the e arlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture.\r\nArab incursion starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the ordinal century were followed by those of European traders, low gear in the late fifteenth century. By the nineteenth century, Great Britain had assumed semipolitical control of virtually all Indian lands. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru helped nullify British colonialism through non-violent resistance. India achieved independence in 1947. The Republic of India was established in 1947 and comprises 32 do particular(prenominal)s and Union Territories, the latter controlled by the central regimen. The country covers about 3.\r\n3 million squargon kilometres with a nation of 1. 029 billion and dominates southern Asia. It is slightly bigger than one-third the size of the wholeed States. India is mansion to 17% of the realism’s positive population, accommodated in an bea that is 2. 4% of the world’s resume area. India has t he world’s twelfth largest economy and the third largest in Asia behind Japan and China, with a meat GDP of rough $570 billion. Services, industry and kitchen-gardening account for 50. 7%, 26. 6% and 22. 7% of GDP respectively. The United States is India’s largest concern partner. Bilateral trade in 2003 was $18. 1 billion.\r\nThere are some(prenominal) 16 official major(ip)(ip) speechs and 844 dialects. Among these nomenclatures, incline enjoys lad status, hardly is the most important langu geezerhood for face field, political, and commercial communication. Hindi is the national langu long time and pristine expression of 30% of the people. The separate official run-ins are Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit. Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu verbalize widely throughout northern India but is non an official language. Hinduism (80. 5%), Islam (13. 4 %), Christianity (2.3%), Sikh (1. 9%) are the major religions in the country.\r\nThe literacy rate is 52% (of the total population of age 15 or older). 4 Chapter 1 General preparation Administration of bringing up The central and the utter governments mountain joint function for teaching, with immunity for the state governments to organise preparation at bottom the national frame work out of education. pedagogicsal indemnity planning is under the overall counsel of the central Ministry of humane vision evolution which includes the segment of easy training and Literacy and the section of secondary coil and high culture.\r\nThe Ministry is guided by the primaeval Advisory progress of training (CABE) which is the national level advisory body. The education ministers of all the different states are members of the board. The internecine Council of Education query and rearing (NCERT) (1961) de tickets the guinea pig Frame syllabus for classes I †card inal. It also functions as a resource essence in the field of train education and teacher education. State Councils of Educational search and Training (SCERT) are the principal interrogation and development institutions in all the states.\r\nAt secondary level, domesticate boards at state level affiliate schools and dance orchestra interrogative standards in accordance with the national framework. The Central wit of junior- graduation Education (CBSE) and Council for Indian teach security measure trial runs (CISCE) cover all India excessively the field of study engraft of aerofoil nurtureing (NIOS). internal insurance policy on General Education Under the national constitution, education was a state offspring until 1976. The central government could solo provide guidance to the states on policy issues. In 1976 the constitution was amended to include education on the con accepted list.\r\nThe initial set outs of figure a guinea pig Education insurance were mad e in 1968 but it was altogether in 1986 that India as a hale had a uniform accountability(a) form _or_ system of government on Education. The field of study Policy on Education 1986, modified in 1992, defines the major goals for dim-witted education as planetary access and enrolment, universal re hug drugtion of children up to 14 long time and substantial approach in the quality of education. The theme Policy of Education of 1992 also aims at vocationalisation of secondary education and greater work of educational design knowledge.\r\nThe policy has been accompanied by several programmes such as the District autochthonic winding Education Program (DPEP) launched in 1994 and the National Campaign for Education for both (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) launched in 2001/2. A proposed bill on the cover to education (draft, November 2005) stresses the right of all children from age 6 until their 15th birthday to consume elementary education each in school or non- schematic ed ucation (NFE). The Indian government is preparing the universalisation of secondary education (USE).\r\nThe chief(prenominal)(prenominal) aim is to provide high quality secondary education to all Indian adolescents up to the age of 16 by 2015, and senior secondary education up to the age of 18 by 2020. 5 Crucial problems in India are teacher absenteeism, noned by UNESCO in 2005; high teacherpupil ratios; and inadequate teaching materials and facilities, particularly in arcadian areas. At the other end of the scale, children attending urban schools, especially center(a) and top(prenominal) class children in privy schools, are casefuled to extreme competition from a genuinely early age in commit to vary for admission into the topper schools.\r\nIn 1979-80, the Government of India, Department of Education launched a programme of Non- dinner dress Education (NFE) for children of 6-14 old age age group, who cannot join perpetual schools †drop-outs, workings children, c hildren from areas without easy access to schools etc. The initial focus of the strategy was on ten educationally backward states. Later, it was extended to urban slums, and hilly, tribal and desert areas in other states. Source: †UNESCO: India, updated August 2003 and Annual brood 2004/5, Ministry of Human vision development, India (overview).\r\n†Newsletter, October-December 2005, International build for Educational Planning, UNESCO. Learning without Burden, NCERT, 1993, reprinted 2004. †Annual report 2004/5, Ministry of Human imaginativeness Development, India (annexes). School Education A uniform structure of school education, the 10+2 system, has been choose by all the states and Union Territories (UTs) of India following the National Policy on Education of 1986. Elementary school, split I †VIII, is recognised as the flow rate of compulsory schooling, with the Constitutional amendment devising education a fundamental right.\r\nA majority of the sta tes and Union Territories (UTs) have introduced indigent education in classesI-XII. In states/UTs where education is not free for classes IX and above, the stratumly fee varies considerably. The pre-school covers cardinal to trey course of studys. The elementary be constitutes of a direct award comp salary affix Classes I-V (in some states I-IV), followed by a gist stage of education comprising Classes VI -VIII (in some states V-VIII or VI -VII). The tokenish age for admission to Class I of the primary school is in the main 5+ or 6+.\r\nThe secondary stage consists of Classes IX-X (in some states VIII-X), and a senior secondary stage of schooling comprising classes XI-XII in all states. In some states/UTs these classes are attached to universities/colleges. The shape of working days of school education in a course is generally more than 200 days in all the states/UTs. Participation in primary and secondary education The Gross memorandum Ratio (GER), which indicates t he modus operandi of children actually enrolled in elementary schools as a symmetricalness of child population in the 6-14 grades age group, has increased progressively since 1950-51, rising from 32.\r\n1% to 82. 5% in 2002-03, accord to statistics published by the Ministry of Human preference Development in India. The rate of increase in GER of girls has been higher than that of boys. The dropout rate at the primary level (Classes I-V) declined from 39% in 2001-02 to 34. 9% in 2002-03. However the GER totally covers 61% of children from classes VI to VIII. 6 In 2002/3 the dropout rate was estimated at 34. 9% at the end of lower primary classes and 52. 8% at the end of top(prenominal) primary. The dropout rate was 62. 6% at the end of secondary school (Class X).\r\nThere are wide disparities among the different states in the number of children completing primary and secondary school from less than 20% to more than 80%, consort to the central statistics from the Ministry of H uman Resource Development. Source †Selected Educational Statistics 2002-03. Provisional. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India †Annual Report 2004/5. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India †standby Education. Department of indirect and higher(prenominal) Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Department’s website) National Curricula.\r\nThe National Council of Education look and Training (NCERT) formulated the first class modelling in 1975 as a recommendation to the individual states. NCERT was accorded the responsibility of developing a binding National programme modeling through the National Policy on Education (NPE) (1986). NCERT reviews the computer program all phoebe bird years on the basis of consultations deep down the whole school sector. The core areas of the broadcast are common. didactics of face is usually compulsory in classes VI-X in most of the states/UTs. NCERT published a New Na tional class framework in 2005.\r\nThe New National program will be introduced in textbooks in triplet phases: strain one, 2006-07: classes I, III, VI, IX and XI. human body two, 2007-08: classes II, IV, VII, X and XII Phase three, 2008-09: classes V and VIII NCERT has gradually been changing the program from traditional information provision to be more learner-oriented and competence-based. National political program grapheme model 2000 The National Curriculum Framework 2000 operates with the concept of the Minimum Levels of Learning (MLLs) identifying certain(a) ind easilying levels of education for each stage of school education.\r\nPre-primary education The National Policy on Education defines the objective of early puerility care and education (ECCE) as be the total development of children in the age group 0-6 years. Early Childhood Education (ECE) or pre-primary education (2 years), part of the ECCE, shall make children for school. Teaching at this stage, jibe to the National Curriculum Framework, comprises group activities, play†sort techniques, language games, number games and activities directed at promoting tenderisation and surroundal awareness among children. Formal teaching of subjects and reading and authorship are prohibited.\r\nHowever, NCERT strongly criticised the actual pre-school programmes for exposing children to structured formal learning, often in 7 English with tests and homework, in the introductory notes to the unexampled National Curriculum Framework 2005. The competition for the exceed education starts at a very early age. News opuss from September 2005 in India report of tremendous pressure on three-year old children being prepared by their parents for babys room interviews and competing with a huge number of other children for places in the most prestigious private pre-schools.\r\nThe newspapers report on private persons/institutes that adieuing game help to parents in preparing their children for nurser y interviews. separate newspapers report the need for psychological support for children having developed speaking difficulties after having been receptive to onerous preparation by their parents for nursery interviews. Primary education At the primary stage, strain is on the process of understanding, cerebration and internalising. The National Curriculum contains the following subjects: force field manner of speaking(s) Lower primary Classes I-II The sire vernacular/regional language.\r\nLower primary Classes III-V The take tongue/regional language pep pill primary Classes VI-VIII Three Languages †the mother tongue/the regional language, a ultramodern Indian language and English All lov fitted of creative activities including the child’s avouch creations Essentials of math for every day activities, including geometry †device education Mathematics Art of healthful and productive living Woven around the world of the learner Creative education, healt h and material education, work education, value ingraining compound approach Environmental studies †health and personal education\r\n†Science and engine room Social sciences †usage education †Integrated approach to music, dance, drama, drawing and painting, puppetry, health and physical education, games and sports, yoga and productive work Experiences to help socio- aflame and heathenish development with a practical awareness and perception of phenomena occurring in the environment Games and sports, yoga, NCC and scouting and guiding Key concepts across all the disciplines of science, local and global concerns Social, political and economic situation of India and the world, including Indian cultural heritage.\r\n schoolman skills social skills and civic competencies outlandish and technological processes including participation in work situation Source: National Curriculum Framework 2000 8 In all language education programmes, the stress is fixed on the ability to use the language in speech and in writing for donnish purposes, at the workplace and in society in general. The duration of a class flow rate may be around 40 minutes and, according to NCERT, the school year should be a minimum of 180 days, and â€Å"…A primary school should function for five hours a day out of which four hours may be set aside for focussing.\r\nFor the upper primary and secondary schools, the duration of a school day should be sextette hours out of which five hours should be unploughed for instruction and the rest for the other human action activities. ” subaltern education (2 years, storeys IX-X) In grades IX-X the aim of studies should include the following subjects: three languages (the mother tongue/the regional language, a modern Indian language and English), mathematics, science and technology, social sciences, work education, art education, health and physical education.\r\nForeign languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Russian, French, German, Arabic, Persian and Spanish may be ecstasyed as additive options. The political platform in mathematics should take into account both the learning requirement of learners who will leave school for working life, and of schoolchilds who will pursue higher education.\r\nAccording to the NECRT Secondary School Curriculum 2002-2004 (Vol.1, Main Subjects) the suggested number of weekly periods per subject in grade X is as follows: Subject Language I Language II Mathematics Science and technology Social science practice education or pre-vocational education Art education Suggested number of periods in grade X 7 6 7 9 9 3 + 2 to 6 periods outside school hours 2 The boards, however, according to NCERT, often offer limited or no optional courses: two languages (one of which is English), mathematics, science and social sciences are the typical run subjects.\r\nA few boards encourage school-age childs to aim an optional course from a clench that includes eco nomics, music and cookery. high secondary/ major(postnominal) secondary education (2 years, grades XIâ€XII) The computer programme at this stage is divided into an academic germinate and a vocational be adrift. Academic stream The objectives of academic courses are to elevate problem-solving abilities and convey higher levels of knowledge. The curriculum at this stage comprises stem courses and nonappointive courses. knowledgeability courses consist of (i) language and literature, (ii) work education, and (iii) health and physical education, games and sports.\r\nThe study of language prepares a student to both learn and use language in the classroom, the community and the workplace. The plectron of the language to be study is persistent by the learner. Work education includes e. g. developmental projects in a village or city. Generic vocational Courses (GVC) aim at developing craft-related generic skills regardless of the persons’ occupations. The student shoul d choose three elective courses out of the subjects 9 prescribed by the boards. elected courses may include bridging courses between the academic and vocational streams.\r\nThe list of courses may include modern Indian languages, Sanskrit, classical European languages and their literatures, English (academic and specialised), other foreign languages, subjects in the sciences and mathematics, computer science, accountancy, business studies, engineering, political science, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, fine arts and others. NCERT prescribes that courses should be listed together without dividing them into inversely exclusive groups. Nonetheless, several boards restrict the combinations in the form of a ‘science stream’, ‘arts stream’ and ‘commerce stream’.\r\nSome schools tailor their classes to medical and engineering courses. Universities restrict admissions based on the subjects and combinations of courses studied in the +2 sta ge. Sixty percent of the instructional time is consecrate to the instruction of elective subjects and forty percent to the foundation course. vocational stream The introduction of the vocational stream was recommended by the central Kothari commissioning (1964-66). The National Policy on Education, 1986 (revised 1992) set a target of twenty-five percent of higher secondary students in vocational courses by 1995.\r\nSo further, enrolment is far below this. The courses for the vocational stream consist of: • A language course • A general foundation course • health and physical education, and • Elective vocational courses vocational education covers areas like agriculture, engineering and technology (including information and communication technology), business and commerce, home science, health and para-medical services and humanities. Language courses are organised to cover the grammatical structures and additional vocabulary particular to the trade or v ocation.\r\nThe general foundation course for the vocational stream comprises general studies, entrepreneurship development, environmental education, rural development and information and communication technology. Vocational electives are organised according to employment opportunities. Practical training is an essential ingredient of the vocational courses, according to the National Curriculum Framework, with septenaryty percent of time devoted to vocational courses. The certificate issued should mention the competencies acquired and the attribute earned. Organisation The organisation of teaching is based either on an annual or semester system.\r\nIn most cases, a year’s course is divided into two split to be covered in the two halves of an academic session in the annual system. Marks are accorded to a certain number of periods; the total cicatrice is an average of mark accorded to the different parts of curriculum in an annual or semestrial examination (e. g. a paper c orresponding to a 3-hour written examination). 10 The example below copied from the higher-ranking School Curriculum 2007 (Central climb on of Secondary Education) illustrates a typical curriculum (in history) and the maximum mark accorded to the different parts of the curriculum.\r\nHistory/Class XI Paper One Unit Part A †Ancient India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ……. 30. list Introduction Paleolithic subtletys and Beginning of colonised Life Harappan Civilization The Early Vedic Period Later Vedic Phase and Iron Age South and northeast India Religious traditions Mahajanapada Mauryas Society, Economy and Culture during Mauryan period Post-Mauryan India The age of India from Guptas and after The Society and Culture in the age of Guptas and Harsha … Project Work 100 attach 8 4 8 8 5 2 10 4 10 6 6 8 8 … …. 5 8 9 5 2 7 7 Time: 3 Hours Periods 100 Marks Marks.\r\nIn the semester system, recommended by NCERT, students take a number of reference hours corresponding to their requirements and capacity, and at their own pace. However, only a few institutions have adopted the semester and credit system. National Curriculum Framework 2005 The National Curriculum Framework 2005 points out the need for plurality and flexibility within education while maintaining the standards of education in order to cover a festering variety of children. The Framework recommends that learning shifts forth from rote methods and that the curriculum reduces and updates textbooks.\r\nPeace education is included as a proportionality in education. The new curriculum proposes a broader spectrum of optional subjects, including the revalorisation of vocational options. Courses may be designed to offer optional modules, quite an than trying to cover everything and overfilling courses too much. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 also proposes changes within the examination system (examinations for classes X and XII) allowing reason a nd creative abilities to replace memorisation. The children should be able to opt for different levels of attainment. texts 11\r\n close states have legislated to create bodies for the preparation of syllabi and textbooks. The states have established various mechanisms for the preparation and cheers of textual materials. However, a study in 2005, undertaken by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), of textbooks employ in government schools (not following the CBSE syllabus) and in nongovernment schools (including social and unearthly schools) showed that many textbooks reinforce inequalities and neglect rural, tribal or female realities. According to NCERT’ Newsletter, in 2005, CABE proposed the institution of a National Textbook Council to monitor textbooks.\r\nSource: †National Curriculum Framework 2000, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India †National Curriculum Framework 2005, National Council of Education Research and Tra ining (NCERT), India †Newsletter July 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India †Senior School Curriculum 2007, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), India, 2005 Examination and Assessment In all the states and Union Territories, public examinations are conducted at the end of classes X and XII by the respective State Boards of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.\r\nMinistry of Human Resource Development has published a list of recognised state boards for secondary and higher secondary education. The minimum age for admittance to the Secondary School Examination generally varies from 14+ to 16+. The minimum age for Higher Secondary School Examinations varies from 16+ to 18+ years. Some states/UTs do not have an age restriction. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), established by a special resolution of the Government of India in 1929, prescribes examination conditions and the conduct of public examinations at the end of exemplification X and XII.\r\nThe Council for the Indian School protection Examinations (CISCE), Delhi, was established in 1958 by the University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate as a self-financing national examination board. The Council conducts the Indian authentication of Secondary Education ( archetype X) and the Indian School Certificate ( precedent XII) examinations. CISCE affiliates schools using English as a medium of instruction. The denomination of the final qualification varies depending upon the examining body. The titles used by the central examining boards are: CBSE: • All India Secondary School Certificate (Standard X).\r\n• All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII). 12 CISCE: • Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE Standard X). • Indian School Certificate (ISC Standard XII). • Certificate of Vocational Education (CVE XII). Information from the procedure of the All India Senior School Certificate (Stand ard XII) (extract): The Board conducts examination in all subjects except General Studies, Work Experience, Physical and Health Education, which will be assessed internally by the schools based on cumulative records of students periodical achievements and progress during the year.\r\nIn all subjects examined by the Board, a student will be given one paper each carrying 100 mark for 3 hours. However, in subjects requiring practical examination, there will be a theory paper and a practical examination as required in the syllabi and courses. A scene may offer an additional subject that can be either a language at elective level or another elective subject as prescribed in the Scheme of Studies, subject to the conditions laid down in the ecstasy Criteria. A nominee will get the Pass Certificate of the Board, if he/she gets a grade higher than E in all subjects of internal legal opinion unless he/she is exempted.\r\nFailing this, conduct of the immaterial examination will be with held but not for a period of more than one year. In order to be declared as having passed the examination, a prospect shall obtain a grade higher than E (i. e. at least(prenominal) 33% label) in all the five subjects of external examination in the main or at the compartmental examinations. The pass attach in each subject of external examination shall be 33%. In case of a subject involving practical work a candidate must obtain 33% marks in theory and 33% marks in practical separately in addition to 33% marks in aggregate in order to qualify in that subject.\r\nA candidate helplessness in two of the five subjects of external examination shall be placed in compartment in those subjects provided he/she qualifies in all the subjects of internal assessment. A candidate who has failed in the examination in the first attempt shall be required, to re- step forward in all the subjects at the subsequent annual examination of the Board. A candidate who has passed the Senior School Certifi cate Examination of the Board may offer an additional subject as a private candidate provided the additional subject is provided in the Scheme of Studies and is offered within vi years of passing the examination of the Board.\r\nA candidate who has passed an examination of the Board may reappear for approach of performance in one or more subject(s) in the main examination in the succeed year only; however, a candidate who has passed an examination of the Board under Vocational Scheme may reappear for improvement of performance in one or more subject{s) in the main examination in the succeeding year or in the following year provided he/she has not pursued higher studies in the mean time. He /she will appear as private candidate.\r\nCandidates who appear for improvement of performance will be issued only Statement of Marks reflecting the marks of the main examination as well as those of the improvement examination. Central Board of Secondary Education Central Board of Secondary Educ ation (CBSE) is one of the three national boards of secondary education in India. CBSE has machine-accessible around 8,300 schools including government and freelance 13 schools. It also affiliates schools in some 20 African and Asian countries. rough 200 new schools are affiliated each year. Study teams conduct regular inspections of the affiliated institutions.\r\nCBSE has a central office and 6 regional offices. Permanent affiliation is obtained after a number of years. association is granted according to strict criteria. A list of affiliated schools can be found on CBSE’ s website: http://www. cbse. nic. in. The major objective is to prescribe conditions of examinations and conduct public examinations at the end of Classes X and XII and to grant certificates to successful candidates of the affiliated schools. All affiliated schools follow the national intrigue of 10+2. Here is an example of testimony for All India Senior School Certificate Examination from 2000:\r\nC BSE is regulated but not financed by the central government. Financing is certified by fees from the affiliated schools. CBSE accepts private candidates. CBSE develops its curriculum on the basis of the national curriculum framework. The curriculum is revised every 5 to 10 years. Two of the front line curriculum subjects are revised every year. According to CBSE, it strives notably to adapt current teaching methods and content of teaching to an sophisticated and creative society in the form of subjects such as functional English, bio-technology, entrepreneurship, life skills education, and disaster management.\r\nAn important objective is the destressing of education, including no homework or examinations in grades I and II and only achievement reports in grades III-V. Information technology is compulsory in grades IX +X. Language studies include a possible 27 different languages besides Hindi and English. One teacher may teach four subjects up to grade X. The board uses the term l earner (for student) with emphasis on the learner’s role in learning. Two subjects undergo a performance analysis (marks, questions, learning) each year to cope with poor performance.\r\n14 Examination is monitored and organised to avoid fraud. CBSE issues duplicates of certificates under certain conditions. CBSE also organises in-service training of teachers and special programmes for new principals. Grading Both Standard X and XII are normally label on a section basis. The minimum passmark varies depending upon the subject. According to the UK NARIC, the following marking scheme is used in most states for the Standard XII examinations, in comparison with that used by the central boards.\r\nPerformance CBSE assessment 85%+, 80-85%, 70- Excellent, Superior, Very A1-A2, B1 80% dear 60% †70% Good B2 50% †60% Satisfactory C1 40% †50% Average C2 35% †40% Pass D Percentages Source: India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC CISCE One, two, three Four Five Si x seven Documents The pass-document is issued by the relevant Board of Secondary Education. It shows the type of programme (academic or vocational), the subjects passed and the marks obtained out of total marks as well as the aggregate marks, percentage obtained, and result as well as the overall grade/division.\r\nNational nominate of Open Schooling (NIOS) National Institute of Open Schooling (previously known as the National Open School) was established in November 1989 as an autonomous registered society. The institute provides fundamental programs such as secondary education courses and senior secondary education courses on an open education basis. NIOS conducts examinations twice a year and candidates can appear in one, two or more subjects. impute are accumulated until the certification criteria are fulfilled. NIOS has at its disposal a communicate of accredited study centres all over India providing support to learners.\r\nSource †India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC (Website) †Secondary Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Department’s website) 15 Islamic Education India also has a system of Islamic education. some(prenominal) different sects have their own schools where they teach Islamic subjects and Arabic to mainly (but not only) Muslim children.\r\n'

'Analysing Strategic Issues in Geely Automobile – Industry Structures and Dynamics Essay\r'

'Geely railway car retentivenesss Ltd. , formerly known as Guorun Holdings Ltd. , embarked on a major restructuring in 2003. By establishing two joint-venture associated companies in Ningbo and Shanghai with Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Ltd. , a major privately-owned political machine manufacturer in China, the ships bon ton had successfully entered into China’s booming public house industry.\r\nIn the identical year, the comp each redact up an auto parts secondary in Taizhou of the Zhejiang province, further consolidating the foundation of the company’s investments in China’s automobile industry, thus successfully transforming the company’s key businesses into automobile manufacturing and the related to areas. In May 2004, the company’s two associated companies agreed to acquire opposite auto-related assets under Zhejiang Geely Holding.\r\nAfter the acquisitions, the automobile look into and development organizations under Zhejiang Geely Holding, all operating(a) production plants, car archetypes, and respective engines and gearboxes world launched or to be launched would have been include in the two associates formed by the company. This restructuring should enable the company to share the same interests and benefits with Zhejiang Geely Holding in their future developments in auto-related businesses.\r\nAnalysing strategic issues in Geely Automobile †pains structures and dynamics (5 forces) Michael E. Porter’s five-forces model assess the nature of competition in an industry, it looks at the strength of five apparent competitive forces, which include the Degree of Rivalry, The curse of Entry, The Threat of Substitutes, Buyer Power and the provider Power.\r\nWhen these forces are being taken together, they take long-term profitability and competition. Porter’s work has had a greater find out on business strategy than any other theory in the stick up half of the twentieth century. (Porter, 1998) Out of them, the tilt between existing sellers in the foodstuff, the probable threat of new sellers and substitute products introduction and becoming available in the market are chosen to facilitate a greater discuss on.\r\n'

'George Orwell’s 1984 Human Nature Essay Essay\r'

'George Or wellspring’s 1984 is a novel which describes utter and entire hate- hate of those who argon different, hate of immorality and hate of all other humans. It is where looseness in is described as absurd, and totally unnecessary. community atomic number 18 bred to hate, and hate is the primary sense that people feel. The lack of fare and sympathy is what brings the society to such a experience totalitarian state. Human creations instinctively desire love and care to thrive and with knocked out(p) it no unmatched tail truly be happy or free. This works well for 1984 because it is a hate driven society, scarce the lack of love causes unrest with those who stomach see the importance of love. By want out a kind in this society it is a certain expiry sentence and no moral doctrine or excited loyalty is sinewy enough to withstand torture or misgu grand. Physical pain and maintenance get out always cause people to browse their convictions if doing so will end their suffering.\r\nIt is exceedingly important for the leaders of this society to interpret relationships and emotions; the society breeds hatred and disapproves of love in its citizens. There is no way to successfully rebel against this control as the troupe surmises. The traitors against the party belief that love is destitute â€Å"[imagine] that there is something called human temperament which will. . .turn against [the companionship]” (Part 3. Ch. 3, Pg. 282). Unfortunately, the Party has relieve sensationselfd human temper and it despises those who believe they sight support against their control. They utilize torture to stamp down loyalties that attempt to surface between rebels.\r\nThe capability for loving relationships in this society is highly improb adequate, because of the oppressive rule and the fear of being found out by the Party bosses. The Party knows that love rearnot bloom or should not because they govern emotions. It is tackle ed that â€Å" men are infinitely malleable.” (Part 3. Ch. 3, Pg. 282) and no whiz should be able to feel final stage to another. The Party throw in the towels people to get besotted perhaps, but then uses torture to rescue them betray each other- which is what will in the end tear people apart. No sensation can allow themselves a relationship ruined by betrayal.\r\nNot simply does the Party make romantic loyalties a crime, it also creates loveless familial relations. Children in families do not turn out love or attachment towards their parents. They are taught by the Party to spy on their mothers and fathers; to be miniature investigators for t reasonableness. The society has become one where â€Å"it was almost normal for people. . . to be frighten of their own children. (Part 1, Ch. 2, Pg. 27) The Party creates a trunk where children who betray their families are rewarded and so mothers cannot show either love towards their children without fearing treason- w hich would result in torture.\r\nNo family can be finishing to each other as families of the past- everyone has reason to be afraid of each other and worry that they whitethorn be cancelled in by their offspring. A family is not an organism strong enough to bring together together without fear of conviction. The Party creates spies in youth, who are afraid of what will obtain to them if they do not obey the Party. No longer do families create the rules and natter authority- it is the government that raises children, and families must become scare of their own progeny.\r\nThe most important looking of human nature is that people can bond with each other to create loving relationships. maven must govern someone to fight with, to rebel against the burdensomeness but in this society some(prenominal) thought of love is shadowed by the knowledge that everyone could be able to betray everybody. The Party does not permit aroused attachment and threats of torture affix themselves to any relationship- if someone loves someone, might the object of their affection just as easily be a spy than a fan? No one can candidly maintain a relationship infra the pressure of the Party. In the end, betrayal is the that way to go and it overcomes even the grassroots human instinct to seek out love. It ends up that eventually love does not conquer all and one can only love their saviour- even if they are Party commanders.\r\nRomantic love is an ideal that cannot prevail because it is slowly bred into the hearts and minds of the rebels that this love will only end in misery. The once loving will turn into bitter misers and betray whomever that they believe coiffure them in the torture chamber. crawl in may be worth â€Å"risking everything for” (Erica Jong) but unfortunately what happens in the end is that â€Å"you don’t risk anything, [and find yourself risking even more]” (Erica Jong). And by risking everything it is an admittance to die. Love and loyalty are not strong enough factors in this society- betrayal is, and by this betrayal one accepts condemnation to die.\r\nLove and emotional attachments, the be components of human nature, lead one to fear pain and betrayal, as well as separation, supremely causing one to accept the oppression and fear that allows the Party to thrive. In this society to survive one cannot allow a relationship to be formed. One must be solitary and uncaring because it is necessary to countenance love, yet it is fatalist to seek it out. Love has become a tool for the Party to manipulate. Human nature demands that families are loving and kind; that a couple can spend snip together and that love should freely be in a society. Yet, human nature is controlled and to love is to fear the torture and threats from the Party. Love is betrayal and human nature is to fight against this betrayal. People may wish to have relations with each other, yet the ultimate realization that comes from the nove l is that no emotional ties or moral convictions are able to withstand extreme suffering.\r\n'

'The Contingency Theory Of Management\r'

'Starbucks has evolved oneness of the fastest flourishing companies in the joined States. Get downing from 1992, the every last(predicate)iance ‘s hand up gross improved at a heighten developing aim of 20 % , to $ 3.3 billion in financial 2002. Gross moolah incomes bedevil grownup at an annual compounded growing rate of 30 % to $ 218 one jillion million in financial 2002, which is the highest grade in net earning of high society ‘s explanation ( See Exhib it 1 ) . As Business workweek tells it:\r\nOn W tout ensemble Street, Starbucks comes last biggest growing narrative. Its stock, including tetrad splits, has raised more than 2,200 % over the gaga decennary, exceling Wal-Mart, habitual Electric, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Microsoft, and IBM in aggregative return. Now at $ 21 [ September 2002 ] , it is vibrating near its all-time high of $ 23 in July [ 2002 ] , to begin with the overall pronounced bead.\r\n1 To go on this rapid gait of growing, the busines s firm ‘s senior executives are looking to stretch out out world(prenominal)ly. Specifically, they are interested in promote enlargement in Europe ( including the Middle due east ) , Asia Pacific ( including Australia and New Zealand ) and Latin America. Expanding in these collar continents represents both a challenge and an chance to Starbucks. sequence the chance of increased grosss from farther enlargement is pronto evident to the company ‘s top direction, what is non clear is how to cover with turning â€Å" anti-globalization ” sentiment around the creative activity.\r\nThis compositors case looks at issues that are originating as Starbucks starts to rule burnt umber markets around the universe and explores the alterations which might be necessary in scheme.\r\nThe 25-year end of the company is to be an enduring, and smashing company with the uttermost respected and recognized dole out name in the universe, known for inspiring and genteelness the human sprit. The mission state of matterment of the company is to interchangeable several steering rules to estimate the rightness of tin ‘s determination. In depicting Starbucks ‘ echt assail towards competition, Fortune notes:\r\nThe scheme is straightforward: Blanket an boorish wholly, even if the exposes cannibalize each other ‘s concern. A new shop will a great deal pull off to capture almost 30 % of the gross revenues of a nearby Starbucks, yet the company takes this as a veracious thing: The everyplace attack of the Starbucks cuts down the costs direction and bringing, it decreases the lymph gland lines at single shops, and increases pes traffic for all the shops in an country.\r\nLast hebdomad 20 million people purchased a cup of deep brown at a Starbucks. No American retail merchandiser has a highest figure of client visit. A veritable(prenominal) client Michigans by 18 times a month ; since the company went public, It has climbed an norm of 20 % a twelvemonth. Even in down economic system, Starbucks traffics have risen between 6 to 8 per centum a twelvemonth. Possibly even most noticeable circumstance that Starbucks has managed to bring forth those sorts of the Numberss with virtually no merchandising by giving barely one per centum of one-year income on advertisement. For several\r\nold ages, Perceivers have tack that US coffee- lay off market may be nearing towards impregnation. They point in time to tag consolidation, as bigger participants of java streak snap up some of the smaller java saloon rivals. More, they take a note that Starbucks ‘ shop base is excessively maturing, and making to lag in the growing of unit volume and house net income. In the response of that, some point, Starbucks has changed its way towards impertinent markets for the continued growing. For illustration Business Week notes:\r\nTo counterpoise the hesitating returns of its first decennary, Starbucks has no pick but to export i ts construct smartly. Indeed some perceivers take a crap Starbucks merely 2 old ages maximal before it saturates the U.S. market. The concatenation now [ in August 2002 ] operates 1200 international mercantile establishments, from Beijing to Bristol. This gives immense room for grow. Infact, more or less 400 or its planned 1200 new shops in this twelvemonth would be constructed abroad, which will stand for a 35 % rise in its external base. Starbucks hopes to twin the measure of its shops globally, to about 10,000 in 3 twelvemonth period.\r\nOur attitude towards international enlargement is to set strain foremost on the partnership, and state 2nd. We believe in topical anesthetic connexion to get everything up and functional. decision the right topical anaesthetic spouses is the key to negociate local ordinances and others jobs. We search for spouses who are common in our values, civilization, and motivations about community development. We are fundamentally interested in s pouses who could steer us in the procedure of generality in foreign location. We are seeking the houses with: ( 1 ) common doctrine to ours in footings of shared values, integrated citizenship, and committedness to be in the concern for gigantic draw, ( 2 ) experience with multi-unit eating house, ( 3 ) For the bar of impersonators, retentivity resources to spread out the Starbucks construct rapidly. , ( 4 ) To pick premier existent estate locations, holding strong real-estate experience along with cognition, ( 5 ) must be holding cognition of retail market, and ( 6 ) committedness of the people should be available to our undertaking.\r\nIn an international joint venture, it is the spouse that chooses shop sites, does all the preparatory and choice work, which are so submitted for benignity to Starbucks. Cydnie Horwat, VP for International Assets Development Systems and Infrastructure, elaborates how a Starbucks market entranceway program initiates with trade name edifice, whi ch afterwards facilitates further rapid enlargement in a state:\r\nWhen come ining a market foremost, we look for assorted things in the initial 1 to 3 old ages than subsequently on. During these early old ages we are maturation our trade name. Our shops are the largest beginning of advertisement, as they do nt make a batch of separate advertisement. so we possess higher investing in shops in the first 3 old ages. Approximately 60 to seventy per centum of shops which are opened in these initial 3 old ages are our biggest brand-builders.\r\nBefore 10 old ages, we had 125 shops and 2000 employees. Today we have 62,000 employees working in 30 different states outside of conjugation America, who are functioning about 22 million clients in a hebdomad. Our nucleus client comes about 18 times a month. With the bulk of grownups end-to-end ball imbibing 2 cups of java a twenty-four hours and with Starbucks holding less than seven portion portion of aggregative java ingestion in the U.S . and less than one per centum globally, these are the initial yearss for the growing and advancement of company. We have got a theoretical notice that is rather good tested from market to market.\r\nStarbucks is good on its way to go a nomadic trade name. Harmonizing to Business Week:\r\n[ T ] he Starbucks name and image is associated with 1000000s of people around the universe who consume its merchandises. In Business Week report card of the top hindered international trade names promulgated in August 5 [ 2002 ] It came one of the apace turning trade names. At a graze when one corporate star after some other has collapsed to earth, brought down by disclosures of net incomes misstatements, executive greed, or worse, Starbucks has non faultered. But being a international company is non risk free. As Business Week points out,\r\n global enlargement carries a large hazard for Starbucks. For one thing, it makes decreased money one every overseas shop as most of them are operated with local spouses. While this makes easier to get down on foreign sod, it decreases company ‘s portion of the net incomes to merely 20 to 50 per centum.\r\n'

'40th Anniversary Celebrations of Hot Wheels\r'

'HOT WHEELS® Kicks sour fortieth Anniversary With Diamond-Encrusted Car At N. Y. playact modal(a) Year-Long Celebration of Activities by HWC Press 02-15-08 lively Wheels® today announced its year-long plans to celebrate the brands 40-year heritage at the 105th American International Toy Fair®. Anniversary activities were kicked strike with the unveiling of a practise jeweled 1:64-scale white Wheels® automobile, designed by celebrity jeweler Jason of Beverly Hills.This one-of-a-kind gondola elevator car, the most expensive in igneous Wheels® muniment, was made to commemorate the production of the four-billionth intense Wheels® fomite. The diamonds on the exercise-made jeweled car, valued at $140,000, total more than 2,700 and weigh nearly 23 carats. The car is cast in 18-karat white gold, eyepatch the majority of the vehicle is de stooled with micro pave-set magnificent blue diamonds, mimicking tropical Wheels® Spectraflame® blue paint. Unde r the operable hood, the engine showcases additional micro pave-set white and inkiness diamonds.The heated up Wheels® flame logo found on the underbelly of the car is lined with white and black-market diamonds. Red rubies are set as the tail lights, while black diamonds and red enamel constitute the â€Å"Red Line®” wheels. The custom-made case that houses the jewel-encrusted vehicle also holds 40 individual white diamonds, signifying each(prenominal) year in the legacy of the alive(p) Wheels® brand. | â€Å"Collaborating with Mattel on the jeweled Hot Wheels car was a vision project for me,” said Jason Arasheben, president ; CEO of Jason of Beverly Hills. The car is truly spectacular and give be a brilliant addition to anyone’s collection. ” The vehicle was unc everyplace by multi-platinum recording artist and car partisan Nick Lachey, who grew up playing with the die-cast car line. In late 2008, this unique Hot Wheels® vehicle resu lt be auctioned off to benefit Lacheys benevolence of choice. â€Å"Since its introduction, Hot Wheels has revolutionized boys toys and inspired automotive trends,” said Tim Kilpin, world-wide manager and senior vice president, Boys and Entertainment, Mattel Brands. â€Å"The historic ctivities we build planned are a fitting bonus to the brands heritage and will allow us, and our fans, to celebrate this milestone year in true Hot Wheels style. ” In 2008, Hot Wheels® will honor the partners that have helped necessitate the brand successful and will take to the lane to celebrate the brands heritage with its faithful fans. These activities include: Hot Wheels® Designers Challengeâ„¢ For the first time in its history, Mattel went extraneous of its in-house design team to seek new car designs and to honor the automotive partners that attri stilled to the success of Hot Wheels® cars over the years.Car designers from Dodge, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Lo tus and Mitsubishi designed their version of a Hot Wheels® concept car based on the brands attributes of speed, power, performance and attitude. Each submitted design was created in a 1:5-scale model and unveiled this past October at the 2007 Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) Show in Las Vegas. In late March the 1:64-scale versions will be available at retailers nationwide as part of the Designers Challengeâ„¢ product line. I’ve been touch in multi-million dollar concept car designs but not everyone can relate to these kinds of projects,” said Amaury Diaz Serrano, germinal designer, General Motors. â€Å"But, everyone can relate to a Hot Wheels. Regardless of age, race or background, everyone has fond memories of playing with them. To be able to design for Hot Wheels is the snuggled I will ever stupefy to fetching an Oscar. ” Hot Wheels® Cross-Country Road Trip This summer, fans crosswise the country will be invited to celebrate the 40th anniversary as Hot Wheels® travels Highway 40 to bring together automotive enthusiasts of all ages.Kicking off at Mattels headquarters in El Segundo in mid-August, the road trip will make bread at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah; Speed, KS; capital of Indiana; and Detroit, before culminating in a grand cobblers last celebration on September 5 in Watkins Glen, NY — home to American road racing. There, Hot Wheels® will partner with the Grand Prix Festival of Watkins Glen to participate in the annual celebratory kick-off event honoring the history of the town and race track. At each road trip stop, Hot Wheels® will host a free event that will be move over to the public.Each event will feature life-size Hot Wheels® cars, kiosks where people can create their own custom Hot Wheels® â€Å"drivers license,” family-friendly activities, and the opportunity to receive a commemorating 1:64-scale Hot Wheels® car created especially for each stop, available in limited quantities. â€Å"40 years. 4 billion cars. It is a year of exciting milestones for Hot Wheels,” said Geoff Walker, vice president, Wheels Marketing, Mattel Brands. â€Å"We just cant wait to get on the road to celebrate with the millions that share the Hot Wheels passion. â€Å"\r\n'

'Intertextuality: Meaning of Life and Silk Cut Essay\r'

'What is inter school schoolbookuality? How does inter schoolbook editionuality challenge E. D. Hirsch’s composition that a schoolbook has a angiotensin-converting enzymeness meanspiriteding fabricated by its origin? Explain with lengthiness to examples drawn from any media take a leakat. According to Ameri idler literary critic, E. D. Hirsch, in order to interpret a personate of text, one must ask one’s self the still question that can be answered objectively ? â€Å"what, in all probability, did the antecedent mean to convey? ” He believed that the indite’s think meaning equates the meaning of a text and it is in fact, the endorser’s duty to uncover the the origin’s intentions.\r\nâ€Å"The meaning of a text and its author’s intentions ar one and the same. ” Hirsch’s theory revolves most the assumption that a personify of text is original, and is purely a body of the author’s resole â€Å" intentions”. The cropion of text, if one were to adhere to Hirsch’s theory, is therefore exclusive to the author’s take in melodic themes and concepts and free of external influence. However, the caprices of langue and parole disputes this imagination. According to Barthes in 1984, â€Å"It [la langue] is the social part of speech, the individual cannot himself either create or modify it”.\r\nFurthermore, Ferdinand de Saussure’s officiate on structuralism and semiotics demonstrates the overpowerivity of language and can be said to contrive stitch the seeds for modern concepts of intertextuality (such as those developed by Roland Barthes and Julia Kristeva). Intertextuality challenges the approximation of a text’s ability to be truly original and therefore disagrees with Hirsch’s theory. In this essay, I will focus on how assured intertextuality as well as the semiotics obscure in unconscious intertextuality both dispute th e idea that the meaning of a text belongs exclusively to its author’s intentions.\r\nJulia Kristeva, who was the first to part the term â€Å"intertextuality”, proposed the idea that a text should not be understand merely by its words at vista value, but also studied based on former(a) whole caboodle it has adapted and was influenced by. The concept can be that expanded upon by Gunther Kress’ notion of â€Å"ceaseless semiosis” which brings to light the social aspect of a text’s creation. â€Å"From the beginning, I use materials which I turn in encountered before, which bear the meanings of their social contexts, to weave a new text which, because it is woven from materials of opposite(a) texts, everyplace and al instructions connects with those other texts.\r\n” -Kress, 2000 Conscious intertextuality therefrom enables a reviewer to participate in this â€Å"ceaseless semiosis” by the identification and application of their preceding knowledge to a text, along with creating their let version of the text by combining their breathing knowledge gleaned from other texts with the works of others a text is based on (e. g. psyche watching a satirical television exhibition such as The Simpsons). The best example of this variety of intertextuality would be the process of a reader (or surfer) search the world wide web. Here, an author cannot control the way in which a reader approaches his or her body of text.\r\nThere is seldom a linear mold in which a reader consumes allegeation succession surfing the network. It is common for him or her to absorb hardly small chunks of texts on one rascal of a web commit before being led to an altogether antithetic webpage via joins. Through surfing and following pertains of their choice, readers efficaciously thus begin to construct their own text of sorts as they make their way by dint of divers(a) sites on the internet. irrelevant newspapers or most ot her forms of targeted media, intertextuality on the internet is much one of a blatant and conscious personality.\r\nHere, almost more so than anywhere else, it is clear that content is not entirely original, nor is it based on an author’s sole ideas and concepts. It is common for a great many websites to drove a multitude of consociates, and consist of short articles that physical contact to other sources of information that the work was based on, or that provide further elaboration. Even on the internet, trustworthy etiquettes atomic number 18 often observed, one of them being the good manners of giving credit where it is due. A pictorial or firearm of digital art or soone uses on his or her website, for example, often requires credit and a link back to the page of the artist that created it.\r\nUpon following the link to the artist’s page, one might pass further credit and a link to the photographer who provided the stock photograph from which the graphi c was created. One past clicks on the link that leads us to a page of stock photography, on which, perhaps, yet another link to the homepage of the model in the photograph might be provided. One visits the aforementioned homepage, and might perhaps baffle out upon the business relationship of the model or a pocket-size story about his or her life.\r\nThe initial graphic no longer stands on its own, and new history and meaning is germinated with every link the surfer clicks, examine a â€Å"path” that paints a story beyond the original piece of art. Hirsch’s idea of a text having one sole meaning ? that of the author’s ? no longer applies. The readers construct their own text, and therefore their own meanings as they navigate finished the internet, often with no apparent logical progression. The existing knowledge they possess, along with their ability to identify the other works a text is based on, shapes their reading of an idea being presented.\r\nEve n the authors themselves often do it the lack of complete originality in their content, and through associate and credit on their page, make it obvious that their text is a coalition of ideas and texts by other authors, whose texts are a coalition of ideas and texts by yet, other authors and so on There are also varying degrees of intertextuality on the internet. Some sites, such as The Onion (www. theonion. com) restricts the direct of interactivity on their website by limiting links to only those of their admans.\r\nHowever, the content of their site is a testament of undefiled conscious intertextuality. Much like the Simpsons, â€Å"The Onion” is a satire. It parodies legitimate news websites and global current affairs. Readers’ prior knowledge of these affects the way in which they view the site and interpret these satirical â€Å"issues” of The Onion. A webpage that allows for a great level of interactivity through its onslaught of links is â€Å"How To attire Emo” (http://www. geocities. com/howtodressemo).\r\nA site that makes fun of a puerile trend in today’s society, the text has potential to be humorous to its reader. However, the degree of cargo deck and humour a reader might find in the text depends on the level of the reader’s prior knowledge of the â€Å"Emo” trend and sub-culture. Unlike The Onion however, the white text on â€Å"How To tog up Emo” is peppered with phrases and words that are grey in colour. actual knowledge of the internet and html might inform the reader that these grey words and phrases are in fact links, and clicking on them will lead them to further sites, games, generators and articles that provide further references and elaborate upon the original article.\r\nThe internet has made it possible for authors to quote another piece of work â€Å"wholesale” by simply and handily placing a link on their page. The two texts pass away inevitably intertwined and new meaning is generated as the reader pieces together information gleaned from both works. Another form of intertextuality is one that is often based on a more subconscious mind level. Arguing against the idea that a text is an isolated entity, Kristeva once stated, â€Å"any text is the absorption and transformation of another”.\r\nThe text in question is not limited to only that which is literary in nature, and whatever form it should take is subject to its reader’s or audience’s interpretation based on their knowledge of other existing texts, their cultural literacy and associations they individually produce. In subconscious intertextuality, interpretation is based on a passing individual level and may scour produce meanings that the author had no knowledge of whatsoever, let completely intended. However, a study of subconscious intertextuality and semiotics is often useful to advertisers who then use these sagacious allusions to maximal effect.\r \nThe reader or audience is often incognizant of the subconscious effects an advertisement has on their sensing of a product. Nevertheless, through signs in commercials and print advertisements, the meanings an advertiser wishes to convey about a product are presented. Silk adulterate cigarettes in England demonstrates clever advertising in their campaigns. Strict laws and restrictions are imposed on tobacco plant advertisements in the country, forbidding any association of sports, glamour, success, luxury, maleness and femininity with tobacco products.\r\nTargetting a tobacco advertisement towards a certain market or appointment in society was also banned. Silk cut, however, has managed to get around such stringent laws by the use of semiotics, thus showcasing intertextuality and the ability to generate multiple meanings out of a single text. In one of their most smash advertisements in the 90’s, magazine advertorials often feature a purple silken sheet with a single oval slit in the middle.\r\nThe connotations were luxurious, versed and feminine, yet in a way that was subtle and did not violate the advertising code for tobacco. On one hand, one could explain the text as being simply representative of a destroyed piece of stuff ? no more, no less. Doubtlessly, this would have been Silk Cut’s explanation had they been questioned by the law. However, on a more subconscious intertextual level, the colour purple and the expensive silken fabric could have been construe as an association with luxury and royalty.\r\nThe texture of the cloth could also have been seen as an allusion to the smooth nature of a Silk Cut cigarette, therefore making the product appealing to women (despite the fact that targeting a specific sexual activity or market was forbidden). The diagonal slit in the cloth could be slowly interpreted as sexual in nature, and representative of a fair sex’s genitalia, thus giving the cigarettes a declarative appeal. Through these clever advertisements, Silk Cut became widely cognize as THE woman’s cigarette of choice. They were even featured in the bestselling novel, â€Å"Bridget Jones’s Diary”.\r\nIn this book by Helen Fielding, the protagonist, Bridget, smokes Silk Cut. The brand is constantly referred to end-to-end the novel, therefore once again making use of intertextuality. Bridget Jones spends a great deal of the book attempting to withdraw from smoking. However, she is simply unable to curb her craving for the Silk Cut cigarettes. The qualities that have come to be associated with Silk Cut cigarettes through their advertising campaigns, can now be seen as the qualities Bridget desires by smoking Silk Cut.\r\nOnce again, Hirsch’s idea of a text bearing only one singular meaning can be easily disputed. The interpretation of the Silk Cut advertisement, as well as the use of Silk Cut cigarettes in Bridget Jones’s Diary, is super subjective and depende nt on the reader’s cultural literacy and existing knowledge. Intertextuality in the media, both print and otherwise, has become too powerful to ignore, especially in this day and age. The internet, satirical texts, advertisements and books are only some examples that demonstrate the effects other works and a reader’s prior knowledge have on any given text.\r\nIntertextuality in its non-homogeneous states, conscious and unconscious, is certainly a valid inclination against the theory of E. D. Hirsch. Bibliography, References & Notes 1) Cultural Consumption and public Life”, Reading As Production, John Storey, Pg 63, Arnold, capital of the United Kingdom, 1999 2) Intertextuality, Allen. G, Pg 9, Routledge, London 2000 3) http://web. uvic. ca 4) http://www. theonion. com 5) http://www. geocities. com/howtodressemo 6) http://www. aber. ac. uk 7) Reading Ads Socially. Goldman. R, Routledge, London, 1992.\r\n'

'Google in Asia\r'

'PIB Case parole Google in Asia 1. What resources and capabilities does Naver wipe out that Google does not? †Those twain companies have same purpose and plump. But in detail, Google didn’t catch up Koreans mind. Google prefer simple conception with fast searching system for pot whose have on’t have fast lucre or fast internet devices. But in Korean market, almost every houses are using extremely fast internet with chip price. And level countryside of due south Korea is able to use fast internet. If Ameri gage or other nation uses naver as a main(prenominal) page, too many links and advertising canister be effect their internet speed.And Naver has more entropy that fits to Korean people who wants for the information. Such as acquaintance search, blogs, and cafe things, which make people gathering and sell the information and communicating. 2. Why are the top two search engine providers in Japan opposed entrants, whereas in South Korea and China, it is a domestic officeholder that dominates the industry? -People can proud of their mother high society which gives lots of information and easy to use. But in Japan, those two companies are foreign companies and settle downed already in Japanese market. That’s why even it’s not Japanese company, people doesn’t care. . Does Naver have what it takes to succeed in overseas markets, such(prenominal) as Japan and the United states? -Naver is not incisively a search engine which give information. The flat coat that succeeds in Korean market was other functions, which can provide interests and make people gathering all together on the websites. If Naver provide similar function web site in Japan and US market, they might be successful. But before they lead off in foreign market, they must consider of the surroundings factors such as internet speed and bring home the bacon rates of computer thing. Naver is too heavy for people who don’t have fast interne t or fast internet devices.\r\n'

'Banning of Public Smoking\r'

'Banning of normal sess has become a controversial topic, with the supporters of both(prenominal) the groups allotting forward their own arguments for and against barning national gage. It is well known fact that passive ingest has contributed to the death of large seconds of mint, thereby wake the negative consequences of ingest. Based on health reasons, one(a) can suggest that ingest should be banish in the humanity argonas.It has been argued by some scholars and people that have is the ripe of the individuals who should not be squeeze to quit smoking in the usual areas although it is wanted to stop smoking in the places such as humanity vehicles so as not to tint the co-passengers. The supporters of smoking argue that by banning smoking in worldly concern places, the smoker’s proper(ip) to relax in the places like pubs is taken away, thereby reducing customers to pubs and some another(prenominal) places. This has negatively affected backup of t he pubs.Already, smoking has been criminalize in the places where there is allude contact between contrasting individuals. These people excessively suggest that smokers are addicted to smoking, which gives them relaxation. It is not worthy to compel the smokers to give up their privilege of smoking without any legal problems. It is also suggested that ban on commonplace smoking creates barriers between smokers and non smokers. (Atwell) Many other scholars have opposed the above argument put forward to support smoking in public places.It is found that passive smoking is the third major(ip) reason for the death of large numbers of people. It is black that so many people have to make because of the smoking behavior of the people who use different forms of tobacco. Cigarettes and other tobacco products can be treacherous not only to the smoker, but also to the non smokes who are around the smoker. Smoke contains more than 4000 chemicals, which can negatively affect the health o f the individuals.Non smokers, cod to public smoking, whitethorn suffer from health problems caterpillar tracking to lung, breast, cervical, nasal venous sinus cancers, strokes, and miscarriages. While many smokers argue that they have the secure to savor their life by smoking, anti-smokers in the public places argue that they have the right to live without wretched from diseases due to guerrilla hand smoking. Therefore, it is argued that through public smoking banning, it is possible to improve the health of second hand smokers.In the absence of public smoke ban, the smokers go away be encouraged to continue their habit of smoking in the public, thereby affecting the health of universal public. The argument that this ban on public smoking will reduce the number of people see pubs and restaurants is also not accepted because studies have indicated that ban on public smoking does not lead to reduced number of customers to the pubs. This is due to the fact that legal age of pub customers are non smokers. Ban on public smoking may encourage more number of people to go to bars because they can enjoy their drink in non-smoking environment.By banning public smoking, eventide the smokers are given an opportunity to leave smoking, thereby assisting them to improve their health. Ban on public smoking can improve the quality of life of individuals in the modern society. Supporters of public smoking contend that ban on public smoking negatively affects the right of the individuals to enjoy their smoke. They suggest that since already there is partial(p) ban on smoking, there is no rent to completely ban public smoking as this would decrease the number of people visiting pubs and other public places.However, anti-smokers suggest that many non smokers have suffered due to the consumption of nicotine. Since, large numbers of people are affected by smoking in the public places, this should be banned. Works Cited Atwell, Kate. â€Å"Should smoking be banned in public places? The no argument”. Online Science. 15 November, 2003. August 22, 2006. functional at <http://www. wessexscene. co. uk/> Bethany, S. , and Minneapolis, M. N. â€Å"Ban ingest in Public Areas”. Teen Ink. 2006. August 22, 2006. Available at <http://teenink. com/>\r\n'

'Social relations\r'

'Technological advancements in recent times has actually brought the world closer, the uptake of internet and communication technologies has closed the large geographic gap between the people. Use of social networking sites, forums and portals has facilitated and intercommunicate the common feelings, issues and concerns. The messages of people can be make public with minimal effort. Technology has made our deportment easier and faster, saving considerable amount of our valuable time, thereby easing the burden of manual task.Be it marketing or availing other exercisingful online services, applied science has provided a theme to invariablyy human need. Bio engineering science and nanotechnology have added prise to human life, in terms of medical discussion and opened the door of new possibilities. However, misuse of technology has posed a larger threat than ever expected. A lot of abuse cases argon be increasingly reported.Threats like phishing and malicious e-mails containing viruses and Trojans have light-emitting diode to loss of data and individualised details. Due to use of communication and computer technologies, personal information execute comes into a network of marketers very easily. Once your personal details are divulged to a particular deputation in the web loop, it is circulated incessantly. It hurts the privacy of innocent customers. Sometimes, goal and traditions are compromised in the name of technology.Social relations are hurt because of excessive use of technology; acculturation has taken a back seat with well-nigh of the youth stay engulfed with short-cuts provided by technology. It also brings a social divide between â€Å"haves” and â€Å"have-nots”, as technology usage is mostly concentrated with the higher income class folks. Unfortunately, technology also makes the people lethargic and easy-going, thereby roping in increasing health link complications.\r\n'

'Is Chinua Achebe Correct in Asserting That Heart of Darkness Is Essentially a Racist Novel Essay\r'

'Chinua Achebe’s’ expresses his view on purport of wickedness as an essentially racial young and he is correct in precept this. His essay foc exercises mainly on the portrayal of the congo as an ‘ otherwise world’ in which Conrad describes it to be an antithesis of Europe and the European standards and overall of civilisation as a whole. The racism presented by Conrad in the wise is unembellished by dint of his manipulation of attitude and dehumanisation of the native Afri roll in the hays as discussed in Achebe’s essay.\r\nJoseph Conrad manipulates the perspective of the indorser and the attitude they have towards the natives and Europeans alike through the bestowal of human rumination to Europeans and the withholding of it from the Africans, as Achebe explains. When comparing the verbal description of the two women, the African cleaning cleaning lady and European woman, the reader is able to depict a subtle yet definite difference in t he way each woman’s expression is characterised. The African woman, who is seen to be as a bawd to Mr Kurtz, is illustrated as a truly mysterious enter ‘’with an air of brooding over an inscrutable utilisation’’ making her character unidentifiable.\r\nWhereas the European woman is talked roughly more clearly and the reader can advantageously recognise her character because she is given emotions and feeling, ‘’she had a good capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering’’. In Conrad characterising each woman in such different ways, the reader feels as though the European woman is more relatable as opposed to the native woman who is not show with feelings. This lack of human expression in the description of the African woman, as commented on by Achebe, created a noticeable barrier between the complexity of natives and Europeans.\r\nFor the to the spicyest degree part, the natives atomic number 18 not given any talk but instead their speech is replaced with ‘’a hostile babble of uncouth sounds’’. Achebe however, refers to two significant split of the novel when native Africans atomic number 18 given face talks. These are when the cannibals request the humans to eat, ‘’catch ‘im. flow ‘im to us. ’’. As well as the famous announcement, ‘’Mistah Kurtzâ€he dead’’. When first read, the reader thinks of these as high points for the natives because they appear to be at the same aim as the Europeans in terms of getting dialogue ithin the novel. Chinua Achebe opposes this by stating that in reality they constitute nigh of his best assaults as these examples of dialogue in event degrade the natives. This changes the reader’s perspective into confiscate that through the use of grunts and incoherent speech they are indifferent and inarticulate in equation to the voice communication emp loy by the Europeans. This difference in nitty-gritty and quality of dialogue between the Africans and colonising Europeans contributes to making Heart of Darkness an essentially a racialist novel.\r\nThe novel reveals the Africans being reduced to metaphorical expanse of serious and dark jungle of animals into which the European colonists venture. Chinua Achebe is correct in criticising Heart of Darkness as a racial novel, this is seen particularly through Conrad’s dehumanisation of the Congolese natives. Throughout the novel Conrad’s descriptions of the natives are used to create the idea of uncivilised, fauna being whom cannot be of the same standards as the Europeans. Conrad’s most in effect(p) way of dehumanising the African people is through his use of imagery, ‘’a whirl of black limbs, as cumulation of hands’’.\r\nThis does not give the impression that these are human beings but instead that they are entirely parts of human s, therefore making them seem fractional and inferior in comparison the way Europeans are described. This imagery is also important when Conrad describes native workers as ‘’decaying machinery’’, this creates the image that the Congolese are not cute as humans, as Europeans are, but rather as disposable articles who can easily be replaced afterwards they have done their work. The language choices in which Conrad has make also have a great repair on the way the natives are perceived.\r\nBy victimization phrases such as ‘’the beaten nigger groaned someplace’’, the Congolese natives are referred to in a very uncivilised manner. A way in which no European would ever be described leads the reader to believe that the Africans are in fact inferior to the Europeans, making them less of a human. These descriptions make it evident that Conrad’s writing involving the natives made them appear beast-like and savage therefore dehum anising them in a way that can only be seen as racist.\r\nAlthough these racial depictions whitethorn not be used to knowingly put down and objectify the Congolese people, Chinua Achebe rightly criticises Heart of Darkness as a racist novel. The constant comparison between the two cultures, African and European, are plain explained as one being civilised whereas the other is portrayed as savage. The unavoidable reality that Conrad’s descriptions of the natives were accurate expressions of the European perspective justifies Achebe’s self-assertion that Heart of Darkness is essentially a racist novel.\r\n'

'Determination of Ka for a weak Acdi Essay\r'

' origination\r\nIn the experiment preformed the objective is to quantify a weak corrosive with a intemperate base. In a titration of a weak red-hot with a strong base the titrant is the strong base and the analyte is a weak mordant. The reaction that will occur is the take on transfer of protons from the weak acid to the hydroxide ion. The selective information gathered will be equal on the titration curve, a graph of the volume of titrant being the strong base plotted against the pH .The pH is an indicator of an acids strength. The titration curve can be used to reconcile the pKa. By reading the graph the equation flow can be found; which is the point where decent parts acid and base have reacted by knowing this the half-equivalence can be found pH=pKa.\r\nProcedure\r\nIn the experiment pH melodic theme will be used instead of a pH meter. The pH will be heady at the beginning and the end of the titration and the data board will be used to calculate the fair(a) val ues. A burette is a more absolute piece of glassw ar used to deliver the titrate; in the lab being performed disposable pipette will be used making it very(prenominal) important to consistently dispense the same sizing contrives. Before the titration the volume of a drop must(prenominal) be determined. A pipet is completely receive with distilled water. The average number of drops in a mL and the average bar of a mL represented by on drop is calculated and record. piddle is added drop by drop to a receive cylinder from a pipet at the first, fleck and third mL lines the water drops are save. The average number of drops are calculated per mL. The average of the quantity of a mL represented by a drop is also recorded.\r\nA data circuit card is set up to represent the trail averages. starting line 2.0 mL of unmapped acid is measured into graduated cylinder and so poured into a beaker the volume is the recorded. By using a toothpick a drop of acid is placed onto low porti on of pH paper, the pH level is recorded. One drop of the phenolphthalein indictor is added to the acid and the deform is recorded. The beaker is set on a white planing machine of paper before moving on. Next, a nearly in the 24-well plate is filled with NaOH solution and accordingly sucked up into an empty pipet. The pipet is the held vertically slow adding drop by drop the NaOH into the beaker of the unknown solution. Drops are added until a color change occurs, changing to a faint pink for at least 30 seconds. A plastic spoon is used to tint after the addition of separately drop. The number of drops of NaOH is recorded and the equivalence point is now determined. A drop of the acid is now transferred by toothpick to the high rove pH indicator strip. The pH level of the acid is recorded before titration. The contents of the beaker are poured work through the drain and all equipment is thoroughly cleaned. The above map is repeated twice more, all data is recorded to 4 dec imal places for each trail on the data table. The average of the 3 trails is calculated and data is recorded.\r\nAt the top of the pH column the unknown’s acid’s starting pH level before titration is entered. Next, the pH level of the acid after the titration, at its equivalence point is entered at the bottom of the pH column. The appropriate pH levels for each 2 drop interval is thence calculated, by subtracting the initial pH from the final pH and dividing the resulting contrariety by the number of rows minus 1. This number is then added to the previous pH value.\r\nA graph is then made, pH is plotted on the y axis vertebra and volume of NaOH added on the x axis. This represents the titration curve. The pH that corresponds with the equivalence point and half equivalence points are fixed and the pKa is determined for the unknown acid, pH=pKa. The Ka is determined by taking the inverse log of the pKa(10-pka).\r\n'